Seed Management Station, Dehong Prefecture, Mangshi 678400, China; Plant Protection and Quarantine Station, Dehong Prefecture, Mangshi 678400, China.
State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; MARA-CABI Joint Laboratory for Bio-safety, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; College of Agriculture and Ecological Engineering, Hexi University, Zhangye, Gansu 734000, China.
Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2022 Aug;241:113802. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113802. Epub 2022 Jun 27.
Chemical pesticides are largely applied worldwide for the control of agricultural pests, and often cause lethal and sublethal side effects on natural enemies. To determine the compatibility of chemical pesticides, commonly used by maize growers, with Trichogramma ostriniae, the toxicities of four herbicides (pendimethalin, topramezone, glyphosate, and atrazine), three insecticides (imidacloprid, emamectin benzoate, and ethiofencarb), and three fungicides (propiconazole, benzoyl cyclazole, and difenoconazole) were tested under laboratory conditions, measuring residual toxicity to T. ostriniae adults, their lethal effects on the parasitoid's eggs inside the host egg, and on the reproduction of the parasitoid's female offspring. Three tested pesticides including ethiofencarb, glyphosate, and benzoyl cyclazole were slightly harmful to T. ostriniae adults, whereas the other seven pesticides were moderately harmful. The pesticide residues of ethiofencarb, and emamectin benzoate, showed slightly persistence of toxicity to T. ostriniae adults, in contrast to the remaining pesticides. Glyphosate, emamectin benzoate, imidacloprid, ethiofencarb, and propiconazole were classified as harmless, causing < 30% reduction in emergence rate of wasps from host eggs, while atrazine, pendimethalin, topramezone, benzoyl cyclazole, and difenoconazole were classified as slightly harmful, causing 31-52% reduction in parasitoid emergence rates. Furthermore, the number of eggs subsequently laid by T. ostriniae females that had emerged from parasitized host eggs treated with atrazine was significantly reduced compared to which of untreated parasitized host eggs. No negative effects were observed with atrazine treatment on the emergence rates of F wasps, their wing deformity rates and sex ratios. The data presented here indicate that the safety interval between pesticide applications and releases of T. ostriniae wasps is 2-3 weeks, which provide valuable information in designing a sound maize integrated pest management program that combines chemical pesticide applications with augmentative releases of T. ostriniae wasps.
化学农药在世界范围内被广泛用于防治农业害虫，但往往对天敌造成致命和亚致死的副作用。为了确定玉米种植者常用的四种除草剂（二甲戊灵、唑嘧磺草胺、草甘膦和莠去津）、三种杀虫剂（吡虫啉、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐和硫双威）和三种杀菌剂（丙环唑、苯酰菌胺和氟环唑）与赤眼蜂（Trichogramma ostriniae）的兼容性，在实验室条件下测试了它们对赤眼蜂成虫的残留毒性、对寄生蜂卵在宿主卵内的致死作用以及对寄生蜂雌后代繁殖的影响。三种测试农药，包括硫双威、草甘膦和苯酰菌胺，对赤眼蜂成虫有轻微危害，而其他七种农药则是中度危害。硫双威和甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐的农药残留对赤眼蜂成虫有轻微持续毒性，而其余农药则没有。草甘膦、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐、吡虫啉、硫双威和丙环唑被归类为无害，导致从宿主卵中羽化的黄蜂率降低<30%，而莠去津、二甲戊灵、唑嘧磺草胺、苯酰菌胺和氟环唑被归类为轻度危害，导致寄生蜂羽化率降低 31-52%。此外，与未处理的寄生过的宿主卵相比，用莠去津处理过的从被寄生过的宿主卵中羽化出来的赤眼蜂雌蜂产下的卵数量明显减少。莠去津处理对 F 型蜂的羽化率、翅畸形率和性别比例没有负面影响。这里提供的数据表明，在应用农药和释放赤眼蜂之间的安全间隔时间为 2-3 周，这为设计一个健全的玉米综合虫害管理计划提供了有价值的信息，该计划将化学农药的应用与赤眼蜂的补充释放相结合。
