Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
Department of Addictions, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
J Psychopharmacol. 2022 Dec;36(12):1350-1361. doi: 10.1177/02698811221108956. Epub 2022 Jun 30.
Adolescence is characterised by psychological and neural development. Cannabis harms may be accentuated during adolescence. We hypothesised that adolescents would be more vulnerable to the associations between cannabis use and mental health and addiction problems than adults.
As part of the 'CannTeen' study, we conducted a cross-sectional analysis. There were 274 participants: split into groups of adolescent users ( = 76; 16-17 years old) and controls ( = 63), and adult users ( = 71; 26-29 years old) and controls ( = 64). Among users, cannabis use frequency ranged from 1 to 7 days/week, while controls had 0-10 lifetime exposures to cannabis. Adolescent and adult cannabis users were matched on cannabis use frequency (mean=4 days/week). We measured Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-5) Cannabis Use Disorder (CUD), Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory and Psychotomimetic States Inventory-adapted.
After adjustment for covariates, adolescent users were more likely to have severe CUD than adult users (odd ratio = 3.474, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.501-8.036). Users reported greater psychotic-like symptoms than controls ( = 6.004, 95% CI = 1.211-10.796) and adolescents reported greater psychotic-like symptoms than adults ( = 5.509, 95% CI = 1.070-9.947). User-group was not associated with depression or anxiety. No significant interactions between age-group and user-group were identified. Exploratory analyses suggested that cannabis users with severe CUD had greater depression and anxiety levels than cannabis users without severe CUD.
Adolescent cannabis users are more likely than adult cannabis users to have severe CUD. Adolescent cannabis users have greater psychotic-like symptoms than adult cannabis users and adolescent controls, through an additive effect. There was no evidence of an amplified vulnerability to cannabis-related increases in subclinical depression, anxiety or psychotic-like symptoms in adolescence. However, poorer mental health was associated with the presence of severe CUD.
青春期的特点是心理和神经发育。大麻的危害在青春期可能会更加明显。我们假设青少年比成年人更容易受到大麻使用与心理健康和成瘾问题之间关联的影响。
作为“CannTeen”研究的一部分，我们进行了一项横断面分析。共有 274 名参与者：分为青少年使用者组（ = 76；16-17 岁）和对照组（ = 63），以及成年使用者组（ = 71；26-29 岁）和对照组（ = 64）。在使用者中，大麻使用频率从 1 到 7 天/周不等，而对照组一生中接触大麻的次数为 0-10 次。青少年和成年大麻使用者根据大麻使用频率进行匹配（平均=4 天/周）。我们测量了《精神疾病诊断与统计手册》（DSM-5）大麻使用障碍（CUD）、贝克抑郁量表、贝克焦虑量表和适应后的精神病状态量表。
在调整了协变量后，青少年使用者出现严重 CUD 的可能性高于成年使用者（比值比 = 3.474，95%置信区间（CI） = 1.501-8.036）。使用者报告的类精神病症状比对照组更严重（ = 6.004，95% CI = 1.211-10.796），青少年报告的类精神病症状比成年使用者更严重（ = 5.509，95% CI = 1.070-9.947）。使用者组与抑郁或焦虑无关。未发现年龄组和使用者组之间存在显著的交互作用。探索性分析表明，严重 CUD 的大麻使用者比没有严重 CUD 的大麻使用者有更高的抑郁和焦虑水平。
青少年大麻使用者比成年大麻使用者更有可能出现严重的 CUD。青少年大麻使用者比成年大麻使用者和青少年对照组更容易出现类精神病症状，这是一种附加效应。在青春期，没有证据表明对与大麻相关的亚临床抑郁、焦虑或类精神病症状增加的易感性增加。然而，较差的心理健康与严重 CUD 的存在有关。
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