Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Ghal Kalan, G.T Road, Moga, Punjab 142001, India.
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National University of Science and Technology, PO 620, PC 130, Azaiba, Bousher, Muscat, Oman.
Pestic Biochem Physiol. 2022 Jul;185:105138. doi: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105138. Epub 2022 Jun 9.
Chlorpyrifos (CP) and its highly electrophilic intermediates are principal toxic metabolites. The active form of CP i.e. chlorpyrifos oxon (CP-oxon) is responsible for both the insecticidal activity and is also of greater risk when present in the atmosphere. Thus, the combined effects of both CP, CP-oxan, and other metabolites enhance our understanding of the safety and risk of the insecticide CP. They cause major toxicities such as AChE inhibition, oxidative stress, and endocrine disruption. Further, it can have adverse hematological, musculoskeletal, renal, ocular, and dermal effects. Excessive use of this compound results in poisoning and potentially kills a non-target species upon exposure including humans. Several examples of reactive metabolites toxicities on plants, aquatic life, and soil are presented herein. The review covers the general overview on reactive metabolites of CP, chemistry and their mechanism through toxic effects on humans as well as on the environment. Considerable progress has been made in the replacement or alternative to CP. The different strategies including antidote mechanisms for the prevention and treatment of CP poisoning are discussed in this review. The approach analyses also the active metabolites for the pesticide activity and thus it becomes more important to know the pesticide and toxicity dose of CP as much as possible.
毒死蜱（CP）及其高度亲电的中间产物是主要的毒性代谢物。CP 的活性形式，即毒死蜱氧（CP-氧），既负责杀虫活性，在大气中存在时也具有更大的风险。因此，CP、CP-氧和其他代谢物的联合作用增强了我们对杀虫剂 CP 的安全性和风险的理解。它们会导致主要毒性，如乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制、氧化应激和内分泌干扰。此外，它还可能对血液、肌肉骨骼、肾脏、眼睛和皮肤造成不良影响。这种化合物的过度使用会导致中毒，并在接触包括人类在内的非目标物种时造成潜在的死亡。本文介绍了该化合物在植物、水生生物和土壤中的几种反应性代谢物毒性的实例。综述涵盖了 CP 的反应性代谢物、化学及其通过对人类和环境的毒性作用的一般概述。在 CP 的替代或替代方面已经取得了相当大的进展。本文讨论了包括预防和治疗 CP 中毒的解毒机制在内的不同策略。该方法还分析了农药活性的有效代谢物，因此尽可能了解 CP 的农药和毒性剂量变得更加重要。
