School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
Biol Psychol. 2022 Jul;172:108382. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2022.108382. Epub 2022 Jun 28.
Mammals show clear changes in heart rate linked to lung ventilation, characterized as respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA). These changes are controlled in part by variations in the level of inhibitory control exerted on the heart by the parasympathetic arm of the autonomic nervous system (PNS). This originates from preganglionic neurons in the nucleus ambiguous that supply phasic, respiration-related activity to the cardiac branch of the vagus nerve, via myelinated, efferent fibres with rapid conduction velocities. An elaboration of these central mechanisms, under the control of a 'vagal system' has been endowed by psychologists with multiple functions concerned with 'social engagement' in mammals and, in particular, humans. Long-term study of cardiorespiratory interactions (CRI) in other major groups of vertebrates has established that they all show both tonic and phasic control of heart rate, imposed by the PNS. This derives centrally from neurones located in variously distributed nuclei, supplying the heart via fast-conducting, myelinated, efferent fibres. Water-breathing vertebrates, which include fishes and larval amphibians, typically show direct, 1:1 CRI between heart beats and gill ventilation, controlled from the dorsal vagal motor nucleus. In air-breathing, ectothermic vertebrates, including reptiles, amphibians and lungfish, CRI mirroring RSA have been shown to improve oxygen uptake during phasic ventilation by changes in perfusion of their respiratory organs, due to shunting of blood over across their undivided hearts. This system may constitute the evolutionary basis of that generating RSA in mammals, which now lacks a major physiological role in respiratory gas exchange, due to their completely divided systemic and pulmonary circulations.
哺乳动物的心率与肺通气密切相关，表现为呼吸窦性心律失常（RSA）。这些变化部分受到自主神经系统（PNS）的副交感神经分支对心脏抑制控制水平的变化的影响。这起源于模糊核中的节前神经元，通过有髓、快速传导速度的传出纤维向迷走神经的心脏分支提供与呼吸相关的相位活动。心理学家赋予了这些中枢机制以多种功能，这些功能与哺乳动物（特别是人类）的“社交参与”有关。对其他脊椎动物主要类群的心肺相互作用（CRI）的长期研究表明，它们都表现出 PNS 对心率的紧张和相位控制。这源自于位于各种分布核中的神经元，通过快速传导、有髓、传出纤维向心脏供应。包括鱼类和幼体两栖动物在内的水生脊椎动物通常表现出心跳和鳃呼吸之间的直接、1:1 的 CRI，由背侧迷走运动核控制。在空气呼吸、变温脊椎动物中，包括爬行动物、两栖动物和肺鱼，已经显示出 RSA 样的 CRI 通过改变呼吸器官的灌注来改善相位通气期间的氧气摄取，这是由于血液在未分裂的心脏中分流。这个系统可能构成了在哺乳动物中产生 RSA 的进化基础，由于其完全分裂的全身和肺循环，呼吸系统在呼吸气体交换中不再具有主要的生理作用。
