Geological Survey of Norway, 6315, Torgarden, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
Geological Survey of Norway, 6315, Torgarden, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway; Meiselstrasse 14/51, A-1150, Wien, Austria.
Sci Total Environ. 2022 Oct 15;843:157059. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157059. Epub 2022 Jul 1.
Chromium (Cr) and nickel (Ni) are among the elements that are most mined, processed and used in modern industry and society. A realistic estimate of the diffuse contamination that has left a footprint on soil during the last 200 years by worldwide industrialization requires recognition and assessment of the dominant natural and anthropogenic sources. The relations between geogenic, anthropogenic, and biogenic Cr and Ni sources are estimated from eight large-scale geochemical surveys, by comparing the cumulative distribution functions (CDF) of the elements in top- and sub soil using cumulative probability (CP) diagrams. This method makes it possible to estimate the effect of long-term diffuse contamination on soil without monitoring. The method offers a cheaper and more reliable method for estimating diffuse contamination at the continental to regional scale than classical monitoring methods. The impact of diffuse contamination can be recognized at the low-concentration end while strong local contamination is shown as a distort at the high-concentration end of the distribution. Chromium, due to its structural similarities with essential nutrients, shows a clear biological signal in the CP-diagram. The bio-adjustment of Cr and Ni limits the accuracy of the diffuse contamination estimates. Combining CDF analysis with spatial mapping provides insight into the dominant contamination processes that distort the top soil CDF relative to the sub soil CDF. For both elements, a diffuse contamination signal of <1 mg/kg is obtained for soils at the European scale. Agricultural soil is affected by contamination from farming practices and shows higher excess Cr and Ni in top soil than forest soil. Although the world has faced several centuries of industrial development and Cr and Ni are used "everywhere", this is not reflected in surface soil at the continental to regional scale. The regional distribution of both elements is dominated by natural sources and processes.
铬（Cr）和镍（Ni）是现代工业和社会中开采、加工和使用最多的元素之一。要对过去 200 年中全球工业化对土壤造成的弥散性污染进行现实评估，就需要认识和评估主要的自然和人为来源。通过比较使用累积概率（CP）图的表土和亚表土中元素的累积分布函数（CDF），从八项大规模地球化学调查中估计了地质成因、人为成因和生物成因 Cr 和 Ni 源之间的关系。该方法可以在无需监测的情况下估计长期弥散性污染对土壤的影响。与传统监测方法相比，该方法为估算大陆到区域尺度的弥散性污染提供了一种更廉价、更可靠的方法。弥散性污染的影响可以在低浓度端识别出来，而强烈的局部污染则表现为分布的高浓度端的扭曲。由于与必需营养物的结构相似，Cr 在 CP 图中表现出明显的生物信号。Cr 和 Ni 的生物调节限制了弥散性污染估计的准确性。将 CDF 分析与空间制图相结合，可以深入了解主导污染过程，这些过程会使表土 CDF 相对于亚表土 CDF 发生扭曲。对于这两种元素，在欧洲尺度的土壤中，获得了<1mg/kg 的弥散性污染信号。农业土壤受农业耕作实践的污染影响，表土中 Cr 和 Ni 的过剩量高于森林土壤。尽管世界已经经历了几个世纪的工业发展，Cr 和 Ni 被“无处不在”地使用，但这并没有反映在大陆到区域尺度的表土中。这两种元素的区域分布主要由自然来源和过程主导。
