Intermittent theta burst stimulation ameliorates cognitive impairment and hippocampal gliosis in the Streptozotocin-induced model of Alzheimer's disease.

Intracerebroventricularly (icv) injected streptozotocin (STZ) model of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is used to explore the effect of intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) on astrocyte and microglia reactivity in selectively vulnerable brain regions and answer the question whether these changes are in the context of cognitive capacity. The iTBS is a non-invasive approach for stimulating neuronal and glial activity with the ability to induce long-term potentiation-like plasticity and represents a promising treatment for different neurological diseases, including AD. Male Wistar rats were assigned to five groups: 1. Control subjected to icv saline solution, 2. STZ subjected to icv-STZ (bilaterally, 3 mg/kg), 3. STZ+iTBS subjected to iTBS therapy after icv-STZ, 4. STZ+iTBS placebo subjected to noise artifact after icv-STZ and 5. Control+iTBS subjected to iTBS therapy after icv- saline solution. The RotaRod result showed that STZ did not alter motor function in rats. Eight arm radial maze test results showed that iTBS significantly improved cognitive impairment induced by STZ intoxication. Reactive gliosis in the hippocampus and periventricular area, manifested through elevated levels of Iba1 and GFAP/VIM following icv-STZ, was ameliorated after iTBS treatment. Our research identifies iTBS as an effective therapeutic candidate against STZ-induced neurotoxicity and AD-like changes. The beneficial effects of iTBS on cognitive dysfunction might be due to targeting microglia and astrocytes, as they exert a protective role in neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases. The results could provoke translation into clinical practice as an early/add-on non-invasive therapeutic intervention for cognitive impairment in AD.