Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2022 Mar;44(2):134-145. doi: 10.1080/13803395.2022.2086219. Epub 2022 Jul 4.
Our study aimed to understand the independent and combined effects of cocaine dependence and HIV status across aspects of verbal memory.
Our sample consisted of a total of 102 individuals: 28 individuals living with HIV and cocaine dependence (HIV+/CD), 28 individuals who are HIV-negative with cocaine dependence (HIV-/CD), 20 individuals living with HIV without cocaine dependence (HIV+/ND), and 26 individuals who are HIV-negative without cocaine dependence (HIV-/ND). We utilized the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised Version (HVLT-R) to assess components of verbal memory, including encoding, recall, and recognition. A 2 (HIV: Yes/No) × 2 (Cocaine: Yes/No) MANCOVA on Total and Delayed Recall while controlling for premorbid intelligence was conducted. We used a Kruskal-Wallis H test to examine retrieval and recognition.
The combination of HIV and cocaine dependence amplified deficits on Total Recall. We found comparably poor performance across Delayed Recall between all three clinical groups. People living with HIV without cocaine dependence demonstrated intact recognition, whereas those with cocaine dependence had poor recognition.
HIV and cocaine both impacted verbal memory. However, there are potential subtle differences in the role cocaine versus HIV has on the memory process. People living with HIV without cocaine dependence recognized significantly more words than they could freely recall. In contrast, cocaine dependence impacted recognition in HIV and non-HIV groups. These performance patterns suggest HIV may be associated with retrieval deficits, whereas cocaine dependence may be associated with encoding deficits. Further research assessing these specific components of the memory process will help clarify these potential differences.
我们的研究旨在了解可卡因依赖和 HIV 状况对言语记忆各个方面的独立和综合影响。
我们的样本共有 102 人：28 人患有 HIV 且可卡因依赖（HIV+/CD），28 人 HIV 阴性且可卡因依赖（HIV-/CD），20 人患有 HIV 但无可卡因依赖（HIV+/ND），26 人 HIV 阴性且无可卡因依赖（HIV-/ND）。我们使用霍普金斯言语学习测试修订版（HVLT-R）评估言语记忆的各个组成部分，包括编码、回忆和识别。在控制了先前的智力水平后，我们进行了 2（HIV：是/否）×2（可卡因：是/否）的 MANCOVA 分析，以评估总回忆和延迟回忆。我们使用 Kruskal-Wallis H 检验来检验检索和识别。
HIV 和可卡因依赖的组合放大了总回忆的缺陷。我们发现所有三个临床组在延迟回忆方面的表现都相当差。没有可卡因依赖的 HIV 感染者表现出完整的识别能力，而有可卡因依赖的患者则识别能力较差。
HIV 和可卡因都影响言语记忆。然而，可卡因与 HIV 在记忆过程中的作用可能存在潜在的细微差异。没有可卡因依赖的 HIV 感染者识别的单词明显多于他们能自由回忆的单词。相比之下，可卡因依赖影响了 HIV 和非 HIV 组的识别。这些表现模式表明 HIV 可能与检索缺陷有关，而可卡因依赖可能与编码缺陷有关。进一步评估这些记忆过程特定成分的研究将有助于阐明这些潜在差异。
