Blood Transfusion Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children\'s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China.
School of Laboratory Medical and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
Curr HIV Res. 2022;20(4):301-308. doi: 10.2174/1570162X20666220630141926.
Microbial Translocation (MT) and altered gut microbiota are involved in immune activation and inflammation, whereas immune checkpoint proteins play an important role in maintaining immune self-tolerance and preventing excessive immune activation.
This study aims to investigate the relationship between plasma phage load and immune homeostasis in people living with HIV(PLWH).
We recruited 15 antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naive patients, 23 ART-treated (AT) patients, and 34 Healthy Participants (HP) to explore the relationship between the plasma phage load and immune checkpoint proteins. The Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) load of the lambda (λ) phage was detected using fluorescence quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). The Immune Checkpoints (ICPs) were detected using multiplex immunoassay.
Our study demonstrated that the plasma phage load was increased in people living with HIV (PLWH) (P<0.05), but not in the ART-naive and AT groups (P>0.05). Plasma ICPs, including cluster of differentiation 27 (CD27), soluble glucocorticoid-induced Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) receptor (sGITR), soluble cluster of differentiation 80 (sCD80), sCD86, soluble glucocorticoidinduced TNF receptor-related ligand (sGITRL), soluble induced T-cell Costimulatory (sICOS), sCD40, soluble toll-like receptor 2 (sTLR2), and sCD28, were markedly decreased among the ARTnaive group (P<0.05) but not in the AT and HP groups (P>0.05). The plasma phage load was positively correlated with ICP and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in PLWH (P<0.05).
Our study indicated that the plasma phage load in PLWH was positively related to the expression of ICPs and inflammation, which may be used as a promising marker for the immune level of PLWH.
微生物易位（MT）和肠道菌群改变与免疫激活和炎症有关，而免疫检查点蛋白在维持免疫自身耐受和防止过度免疫激活方面发挥着重要作用。
本研究旨在探讨人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）感染者（PLWH）血浆噬菌体负荷与免疫稳态之间的关系。
我们招募了 15 名未接受抗逆转录病毒治疗（ART）的患者、23 名接受 ART 治疗的患者和 34 名健康参与者（HP），以探讨血浆噬菌体负荷与免疫检查点蛋白之间的关系。采用荧光定量聚合酶链反应（PCR）检测噬菌体 λ 噬菌体的 DNA 载量。采用多重免疫分析法检测免疫检查点（ICPs）。
本研究表明，HIV 感染者（PLWH）的血浆噬菌体负荷增加（P<0.05），但在未接受 ART 治疗的患者和接受 ART 治疗的患者中没有增加（P>0.05）。血浆 ICPs，包括分化群 27（CD27）、可溶性糖皮质激素诱导的肿瘤坏死因子（TNF）受体（sGITR）、可溶性分化群 80（sCD80）、sCD86、可溶性糖皮质激素诱导的 TNF 受体相关配体（sGITRL）、可溶性诱导 T 细胞共刺激分子（sICOS）、sCD40、可溶性 Toll 样受体 2（sTLR2）和 sCD28，在未接受 ART 治疗的患者中明显降低（P<0.05），但在接受 ART 治疗的患者和 HP 组中没有降低（P>0.05）。PLWH 血浆噬菌体负荷与 ICP 和 C 反应蛋白（CRP）水平呈正相关（P<0.05）。
本研究表明，PLWH 血浆噬菌体负荷与 ICP 和炎症的表达呈正相关，这可能作为 PLWH 免疫水平的一个有前途的标志物。
