Department of Psychology and Ergonomics.
J Exp Psychol Appl. 2022 Dec;28(4):931-945. doi: 10.1037/xap0000439. Epub 2022 Jul 4.
It is often assumed that if two people work on a failure-detection task one after the other, they will observe more failures than when only one person undertakes the task (4-eyes principle). However, human beings have also been found to exert less effort on tasks that they share responsibility for, a phenomenon called . In the current research, we assessed the effectiveness of sequential human redundancy in light of possible social loafing. In two laboratory experiments, teams of two participants performed a quality-control task in a blinded and in a nonblinded condition, operationally defined by whether or not evaluations of the first checker were forwarded to the second one. In the blinded condition, no social loafing was found, and a near-perfect overall team performance was observed. In contrast, nonblinded redundancy led to a substantial effort reduction of the second checker. However, despite this social-loafing effect at the second position, even nonblinded redundancy led to an overall safety advantage over a single-checker condition. Our research suggests that social loafing in sequential-human-redundancy work settings can occur but does not necessarily reduce the gains in overall reliability. Blinded processes, however, seem to provoke less social loafing than nonblinded processes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
通常认为，如果两个人先后从事故障检测任务，他们观察到的故障比只有一个人承担任务时要多（四眼原则）。然而，人们也发现，对于他们共同负责的任务，他们会减少努力，这种现象被称为。在当前的研究中，我们根据可能的社会闲散评估了顺序人力冗余的有效性。在两项实验室实验中，两组两名参与者在盲测和非盲测条件下执行质量控制任务，盲测条件是指是否将第一个检查者的评估转发给第二个检查者。在盲测条件下，没有发现社会闲散现象，观察到了近乎完美的整体团队表现。相比之下，非盲测冗余导致第二个检查者的努力大幅减少。然而，尽管在第二个位置存在这种社会闲散效应，但即使是非盲测冗余也比单检查器条件更有整体安全优势。我们的研究表明，顺序人力冗余工作环境中的社会闲散现象可能会发生，但不一定会降低整体可靠性的提高。然而，盲测过程似乎比非盲测过程引起的社会闲散现象更少。（PsycInfo 数据库记录（c）2023 APA，保留所有权利）。
