Departamento de Ciências do Movimento Humano, 58804Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, Brasil.
Departamento de Fisioterapia, 58804Universidade Cidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil.
Percept Mot Skills. 2022 Oct;129(5):1362-1380. doi: 10.1177/00315125221112243. Epub 2022 Jul 5.
Harmonious voluntary movements require efficiency in their planning and execution. Throughout middle childhood structural changes in the central nervous and musculoskeletal systems influence these processes and resultant motor behavior. In this study, we evaluated the characteristics of the motor planning and executing of aiming movements directed at targets located in different positions in space in children aged 7, 9, and 11 years. We divided 43 right-handed children, into three age groups and instructed them to perform aiming movements directed at targets using a stylus on a digital tablet. The children performed the movement with their dominant upper limbs from a starting point towards targets positioned ipsilaterally or contralaterally to this dominant limb. We analyzed temporal and spatial variables of motor performance. Younger (7-year-old) children made more errors in the initial movement direction and more frequently corrected their movements during task execution when compared to 9- and 11-year-old children who did not differ from each other. All age groups were similar in movement accuracy and precision. Movements toward contralateral targets were slower and more accurate than movements toward ipsilateral targets for all groups. These results show that performing aiming movements develop with the onset of middle childhood.
协调的自主运动需要高效的规划和执行。在儿童中期，中枢神经系统和肌肉骨骼系统的结构变化会影响这些过程和最终的运动行为。在这项研究中，我们评估了 7、9 和 11 岁儿童指向位于不同空间位置的目标的瞄准运动的规划和执行特征。我们将 43 名右利手儿童分为三个年龄组，并指导他们使用数字平板电脑上的手写笔进行瞄准运动。儿童们从起始点使用优势上肢向位于优势肢体同侧或对侧的目标进行运动。我们分析了运动表现的时间和空间变量。与 9 岁和 11 岁的儿童相比，年幼（7 岁）的儿童在初始运动方向上更容易出错，并且在执行任务时更频繁地纠正运动，而 9 岁和 11 岁的儿童彼此之间没有差异。所有年龄组在运动准确性和精度方面都相似。对于所有组，向对侧目标的运动比向同侧目标的运动速度更慢但更准确。这些结果表明，瞄准运动的执行随着儿童中期的开始而发展。
