Department of Statistics, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia.
English Language and Literature, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Amhara, Ethiopia.
PLoS One. 2022 Jul 7;17(7):e0270989. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270989. eCollection 2022.
Unemployment is a major problem in both developed and developing countries. In Ethiopia, women unemployment is particularly high, and this makes it a grave socio-economic concern. The aim of this study is to assess the spatial distribution and identify the determinant factors of women unemployment in Ethiopia.
The data used for the study is the Ethiopian Demographic and Health Surveys of 2016. A total of 15683 women are involved in the study. Global Moran's I statistic and Poisson-based purely spatial scan statistics are employed to explore spatial patterns and detect spatial clusters of women unemployment, respectively. To identify factors associated with women unemployment, multilevel logistic regression model is used.
A spatial analysis showed that there was a major spatial difference in women unemployment in Ethiopia with Global Moran's index value of 0.3 (p<0.001). The spatial distribution of women's unemployment varied significantly across the country. The major areas of unemployment were Afar and Somalia; southwest Tigray; North and west Oromia, and Eastern and southern parts of Amhara. Women with primary level of education(AOR = 0.88, 95%CI: 0.80, 0.98), secondary and above level of education (AOR = 0.71, 95%CI: 0.62, 0.82), women with rich wealth index (AOR = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.70, 0.90), pregnant women (AOR = 1.24, 95% CI: 1.06, 1.5), women with a male household head(AOR = 1.4, 95% CI: 1.28, 1.50), and urban women(AOR = 0.60, 95% CI: 0.50, 0.70) statistically associated with women unemployment.
The unemployment rate of women in Ethiopia showed variation across different clusters. Improving entrepreneurship and women's education, sharing business experiences, supporting entrepreneurs are potential tools for reducing the unemployment women. Moreover, creating community-based programs that prioritize participation of poor households and rural women as well as improving their access to mass media and the labor market is crucial.
失业是发达国家和发展中国家共同面临的一个主要问题。在埃塞俄比亚，女性失业率尤其高，这是一个严重的社会经济问题。本研究旨在评估女性失业在埃塞俄比亚的空间分布，并确定其决定因素。
本研究使用的是 2016 年埃塞俄比亚人口与健康调查的数据。共有 15683 名妇女参与了这项研究。采用全局 Moran's I 统计量和基于泊松分布的纯空间扫描统计量分别探索女性失业的空间模式和检测空间聚类。为了确定与女性失业相关的因素，使用多水平逻辑回归模型。
空间分析显示，埃塞俄比亚女性失业存在显著的空间差异，全局 Moran's 指数值为 0.3（p<0.001）。女性失业的空间分布在全国范围内差异显著。主要失业地区包括阿法尔和索马里；西南提格雷；北沃洛米亚和西沃洛米亚以及阿姆哈拉的东部和南部。具有小学教育水平的妇女（AOR=0.88，95%CI：0.80，0.98）、中学及以上教育水平的妇女（AOR=0.71，95%CI：0.62，0.82）、财富指数较高的妇女（AOR=0.79，95%CI：0.70，0.90）、孕妇（AOR=1.24，95%CI：1.06，1.5）、男性户主家庭的妇女（AOR=1.4，95%CI：1.28，1.50）和城市妇女（AOR=0.60，95%CI：0.50，0.70）与女性失业呈统计学相关。
埃塞俄比亚女性的失业率在不同集群之间存在差异。提高创业精神和妇女教育水平、分享商业经验、支持企业家是减少女性失业的潜在工具。此外，制定以贫困家庭和农村妇女为重点、并改善其获得大众媒体和劳动力市场机会的社区方案至关重要。
