Division of Cardiology, Lenox Hill Hospital, Northwell Health, New York, NY, USA.
Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Northwell Health, Hempstead, NY, USA.
Curr Cardiol Rep. 2022 Sep;24(9):1197-1208. doi: 10.1007/s11886-022-01738-w. Epub 2022 Jul 8.
Research on sex and gender aspects cardiovascular disease has contributed to a reduction in cardiovascular mortality in women. However, cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death of women in the United States. Disparities in cardiovascular risk and outcomes among women overall persist and are amplified for women of certain ethnic and racial subgroups. We review the evidence of racial and ethnic differences in cardiovascular risk and care among women and describe a path forward to achieve equitable cardiovascular care for women of racial and ethnic minority groups.
There is a disproportionate effect on cardiovascular outcomes in women and certain racial and ethnic groups in part due to disparities in triage, diagnosis, treatment, which lead to amplification of inequalities in women of minority racial and ethnic background. Data suggest gender and racial bias, underappreciation of nontraditional risk factors, underrepresentation of women in clinical trials and undertreatment of disease contributes to persistent differences in cardiovascular disease outcomes in women of color. Understanding the myriad of factors that contribute to increased cardiovascular risk, and disparities in treatment and outcomes among women from racial/ethnic minority backgrounds is imperative to improving cardiovascular care for this patient population.
目的综述：对性别和心血管疾病相关因素的研究有助于降低女性的心血管死亡率。然而，心血管疾病仍然是美国女性死亡的主要原因。女性整体的心血管风险和结局差异仍然存在，某些族裔和种族亚组的女性差异更为明显。我们回顾了女性心血管风险和护理方面的种族和民族差异的证据，并描述了实现少数种族和族裔女性公平心血管护理的前进道路。
最新发现：女性和某些少数种族和族裔群体的心血管结局存在不成比例的影响，部分原因是分诊、诊断和治疗方面的差异导致少数族裔背景的女性不平等加剧。数据表明，性别和种族偏见、对非传统危险因素的重视不足、临床试验中女性代表性不足以及疾病治疗不足，导致有色人种女性的心血管疾病结局持续存在差异。了解导致心血管风险增加以及少数族裔背景女性在治疗和结局方面存在差异的众多因素，对于改善这部分患者人群的心血管护理至关重要。
