RCMI Center for Environmental Health, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi, USA.
Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Environmental Toxicology Division, University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi, USA.
Environ Toxicol. 2022 Oct;37(10):2460-2482. doi: 10.1002/tox.23610. Epub 2022 Jul 9.
Due to unique physicochemical properties and wide industrial and biomedical applications, graphene oxide (GO) is ubiquitous in the aquatic ecosystem. Using Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) fish as a model, we previously demonstrated minimal endocrine disrupting (ED) effects of GO on reproductive organs, and thyroids. Current study investigated the ED-effects of GO on the interrenal gland (IRG) of medaka. Breeding pairs of adult male and female fish were exposed to 0 mg/L (control) or 20 mg/L GO by continuous immersion for 96 h, or to 0 or 100 μg/g GO by intraperitoneal administration. Also, 1 day post-hatch (dph) larvae were exposed to different concentrations of GO (2.5-20 mg/L) for 96 h. IRG was evaluated by immunohistochemical techniques after 21 days depuration in adults and 6 weeks in larvae. IRG cells were counted and the nuclear area was measured in hematoxylin-eosin stained sections using ImageJ software. We found that IRG is distributed adjacent to the posterior cardinal vein and its branches within the head kidney. Columnar/oval shaped periodic acid-Schiff negative, tyrosine hydroxylase positive cells are arranged either in a single, or in groups, sometimes encircling a sinusoid, or in a straight chord, laying adjacent to the endothelium of the cardinal vein, and having eosinophilic cytoplasm with round/oval basophilic nuclei. GO effect on nuclei and cell population in IRG was inconsistent; depending on exposure route, sex, and/or age of the fish. Also, because of its high adsorptive property and sharp edges, GO probably agglomerated on IRG, and induced physical injury, and ED effects.
由于独特的物理化学性质和广泛的工业和生物医学应用，氧化石墨烯（GO）在水生生态系统中无处不在。我们之前使用日本青鳉（Oryzias latipes）鱼作为模型，证明了 GO 对生殖器官和甲状腺的内分泌干扰（ED）作用很小。本研究调查了 GO 对青鳉鱼间肾（IRG）的 ED 作用。将成年雌雄亲鱼暴露于 0mg/L（对照）或 20mg/L GO 中，通过连续浸泡 96h，或通过腹腔内注射暴露于 0 或 100μg/g GO。此外，1 日龄孵化后（dph）幼虫暴露于不同浓度的 GO（2.5-20mg/L）96h。在成年鱼 21 天净化和幼虫 6 周后，通过免疫组织化学技术评估 IRG。在苏木精-伊红染色切片中使用 ImageJ 软件计数 IRG 细胞并测量核面积。我们发现 IRG 分布在头肾内靠近后主静脉及其分支的位置。柱状/椭圆形的过碘酸希夫（PAS）阴性、酪氨酸羟化酶阳性细胞排列成单行或成组，有时环绕窦状隙，或呈直线状，与主静脉内皮相邻，具有嗜酸性细胞质和圆形/椭圆形嗜碱性核。GO 对 IRG 细胞核和细胞群体的影响不一致；取决于暴露途径、鱼的性别和/或年龄。此外，由于其高吸附性和尖锐的边缘，GO 可能在 IRG 上聚集，并诱导物理损伤和 ED 作用。
