Regulation of juvenile hormone and ecdysteroid analogues on the development of the predatory spider, Pardosa pseudoannulata, and its regulatory mechanisms.

Insecticides harm the beneficial organisms, such as predatory spiders, through direct killing or regulation of the development and reproduction. In this study, the bioassay showed that the treatment of juvenile hormone (JH) analogue fenoxycarb delayed the moulting of Pardosa pseudoannulata, a dominant predatory spider in paddy fields. In order to figure out the regulatory mechanism of fenoxycarb on the spider development, we systematically analyzed JH biosynthesis in P. pseudoannulata. All genes involved in JH biosynthesis pathway were retrieved from the genome of P. pseudoannulata, except for CYP15A1. The absence of CYP15A1 was in agreement with the identification of methyl farnesoate (MF) rather than JH III in the spider. The delayed moulting and decreased expression of JH biosynthesis-related genes in the MF-applied spiderlings supported that MF was an active JH. Fenoxycarb treatment significantly upregulated the transcriptional level of JH biosynthesis-related genes and consequently delayed the spiderling moulting. In the spider development, ecdysteroid played the opposite role, in contrast to MF, to accelerate the development, as our previous study. Here we found that the treatment of ecdysteroid analogue tebufenozide accelerated P. pseudoannulata spiderling moulting, which resulted from the expressional suppression of ecdysteroid biosynthesis-related genes. In total, the JH and ecdysteroid analogues affected the development of P. pseudoannulata by the expressional regulation of biosynthesis-related genes, which would be helpful for the evaluation of hormone analogue insecticides in environmental safety, and useful for the protection and application of P. pseudoannulate and related spider species.