Effects of glyphosate on cladocera: A synthetic review.

Glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine] is currently the most widely used herbicide worldwide. Its application in agricultural and urban areas can lead to the dispersion and arrival to aquatic systems causing environmental deterioration with detrimental effects on the inhabiting biota. This is triggered not only by the herbicide per se but also its metabolite aminomethyl-phosphonic acid (AMPA), which can be highly toxic to many aquatic organisms. Water fleas are some of the key components in aquatic food webs, being one of the most sensitive groups to pollutants. Although being often used in standardized toxicity tests, they are comparatively less studied in relation to glyphosate exposition. Here we examine the current scientific literature regarding the acute and sublethal toxicity of glyphosate in the Cladocera taxonomic group, with special comparisons between the active ingredient (A.I) and formulations. Our results document a high variation in the lethal concentrations reported for different cladoceran species, due to the high diversity of products used in the toxicity tests. Most articles accounting for sublethal effects were performed on the standard Daphnia magna species. Reproduction, including decreased fecundity and delayed age of first reproduction, is usually one of the most severely affected individual traits. Although still scarce, studies documenting metabolic and genetic alterations might provide accurate information on the mechanisms of action of the herbicide.