Stem powder and its active carbon of plant for lead (II) removal: application to treat battery-based industrial effluents.

Stem powder and its active carbon plant are identified to have strong adsorptivity for lead ions. The bio-sorbents are characterized by conventional methods including XRD and FTIR analysis. These biomaterials are investigated for their maximum adsorption for lead ions by optimizing the extraction conditions. The maximum removal is observed in the pH range of 6-7 for both sorbents. With stem powders, the removal is 76.0% from a simulated lead solution of concentration: 20.0 mg/L with 1.5 g/L of the sorbent and at an equilibration time of 2.0 h. With the active carbon, the maximum extraction of: 86.0% is observed at pH: 6.5 with 1.0 g/L of the sorbent after an equilibration time of 1.5 h. The sorption capacities are 32.0 mg/g for stem powders, and 40.5 mg/g for active carbon. Many co-ions have marginal interference. Spent adsorbents can be recycled after regeneration. Thermodynamic investigations reveal the spontaneity and endothermic nature of adsorption. High Δ values , 26.45 kJ/mole for AHSP and 46.40 kJ/mole for AHSAC, confirm the bonding of Pb ions with the sorbents is either "ion-exchange" and/or a sort of "complex formation." The disorder at the solid and liquid boundary is indicated by high positive ΔS values and it is a favorable condition for good Pb adsorption. On analysis of different kinetic and isotherm models, the sorption of Pb ions follows Pseudo-2nd order and Langmuir models. This confirms the mono-layer adsorption of Pb ions on the humongous surface of the sorbent. The adsorbents are successfully applied to treat industrial effluent samples.