Terzioğlu Ergi, Arslan Mevlüt, Balaban Berrak Gülçin, Çakar Zeynep Petek
Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Letters, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469, Istanbul, Turkey.
Dr. Orhan Öcalgiray Molecular Biology, Biotechnology and Genetics Research Center (ITU-MOBGAM), Istanbul Technical University, 34469, Istanbul, Turkey.
World J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2022 Jul 12;38(9):158. doi: 10.1007/s11274-022-03341-1.
In this mini-review, after a brief introduction into the widespread antimicrobial use of silver ions and nanoparticles against bacteria, fungi and viruses, the toxicity of silver compounds and the molecular mechanisms of microbial silver resistance are discussed, including recent studies on bacteria and fungi. The similarities and differences between silver ions and silver nanoparticles as antimicrobial agents are also mentioned. Regarding bacterial ionic silver resistance, the roles of the sil operon, silver cation efflux proteins, and copper-silver efflux systems are explained. The importance of bacterially produced exopolysaccharides as a physiological (biofilm) defense mechanism against silver nanoparticles is also emphasized. Regarding fungal silver resistance, the roles of metallothioneins, copper-transporting P-type ATPases and cell wall are discussed. Recent evolutionary engineering (adaptive laboratory evolution) studies are also discussed which revealed that silver resistance can evolve rapidly in bacteria and fungi. The cross-resistance observed between silver resistance and resistance to other heavy metals and antibiotics in bacteria and fungi is also explained as a clinically and environmentally important issue. The use of silver against bacterial and fungal biofilm formation is also discussed. Finally, the antiviral effects of silver and the use of silver nanoparticles against SARS-CoV-2 and other viruses are mentioned. To conclude, silver compounds are becoming increasingly important as antimicrobial agents, and their widespread use necessitates detailed understanding of microbial silver response and resistance mechanisms, as well as the ecological effects of silver compounds. Figure created with BioRender.com.
在这篇综述中，在简要介绍了银离子和纳米颗粒对细菌、真菌和病毒的广泛抗菌用途之后，讨论了银化合物的毒性以及微生物对银的抗性分子机制，包括对细菌和真菌的最新研究。还提到了银离子和银纳米颗粒作为抗菌剂的异同。关于细菌对离子态银的抗性，解释了sil操纵子、银阳离子外排蛋白和铜-银外排系统的作用。还强调了细菌产生的胞外多糖作为对抗银纳米颗粒的生理（生物膜）防御机制的重要性。关于真菌对银的抗性，讨论了金属硫蛋白、铜转运P型ATP酶和细胞壁的作用。还讨论了最近的进化工程（适应性实验室进化）研究，这些研究表明细菌和真菌中银抗性可以迅速进化。细菌和真菌中银抗性与对其他重金属和抗生素抗性之间的交叉抗性也被解释为一个在临床和环境方面都很重要的问题。还讨论了银对细菌和真菌生物膜形成的作用。最后，提到了银的抗病毒作用以及银纳米颗粒对严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2（SARS-CoV-2）和其他病毒的用途。总之，银化合物作为抗菌剂正变得越来越重要，它们的广泛使用需要详细了解微生物对银的反应和抗性机制，以及银化合物的生态效应。由BioRender.com创建的图。
