Pesticide Research and Development: General Discussion and Spinosad Case.

On average, it has taken approximately 10 years and $250 million to discover and develop one pesticide out of approximately 100 000 compounds. A successful pesticide researcher nowadays needs to be knowledgeable and skillful in multiple disciplines. As a result of the high costs and unique requirements, only a handful of companies in the world can afford to continue pesticide research and development (R/D) in the $70 billion pesticide market. Pesticide R/D is a high-risk yet high-reward business. In this perspective, pesticide R/D is briefly discussed and a case study is used to illustrate how spinosad was discovered and became a successful product, despite the many challenges facing pesticide R/D.