Joshi M L, Ramamirtham B, Soman S D
Health Phys. 1987 Jun;52(6):787-91. doi: 10.1097/00004032-198706000-00009.
Carbon-14 is produced in pressurised heavy water reactors (PHWR), mainly as an activation product in the fuel. It is also produced in the heavy water used as the primary coolant and moderator, and is produced in the air in the annular space between the pressure tube and calandria tubes as well as in the free space in the calandria vault. The production rates in different systems of a PHWR are calculated on the basis of design parameters. During a period of 3 y, 14C released through the gaseous route has been measured at Rajasthan Atomic Power Station, Kota, India, a PHWR unit. These releases have been found to be mainly 14CO2. This reduced form of 14C is less than 5% of the releases. The normalised releases of 14C have a geometric mean of 5.17 TBq GWe-1 y-1 and a geometric standard deviation of 1.52. The 14C present in the form of carbonates in liquid effluents has also been measured and is 0.14% of the gaseous releases.
