Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Grassland Resources and Ecology in the Yellow River Delta, College of Grassland Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, China.
Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Grassland Resources and Ecology in the Yellow River Delta, College of Grassland Science, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, China.
Environ Res. 2022 Nov;214(Pt 2):113823. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113823. Epub 2022 Jul 13.
The propagation of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and virulence factors (VFs) in the saline-alkali soils and associated environmental factors remains unknown. In this study, soil samples from the Yellow River Delta, China with four salinity gradients were characterized by their physiochemical properties, and shotgun metagenomic sequencing was used to identify the ARGs and VFs carried by microorganisms. Soil salinization significantly reduced the relative abundances of Solirubrobacterales, Propionibacteriales, and Micrococcales, and quorum sensing in microorganisms. The number of ARGs and VFs significantly decreased in medium and high saline-alkali soils as compared with that in non-saline-alkali soil, however, the ARGs of Bacitracin, and the VFs of iron uptake system, adherence, and stress protein increased significantly in saline-alkali soils. Spearman analysis showed that the ARGs of fluoroquinolone, tetracycline, aminoglycoside, beta-lactam, and tigecycline were positively correlated with soil pH. Similarly, we observed an increased contribution to the ARGs and VFs by taxa belonging to Solirubrobacterales and Gemmatimonadales, respectively. The control plot was mainly improved from saline-alkali land through application of animal manure, which tended to contain large amounts of ARGs and VFs in this study. Further studies are needed to observe ARGs and VFs in the saline-alkali land for multiple years and speculate the potential risks caused by varied ARGs and VFs to the soil ecosystem and human health.
抗生素耐药基因（ARGs）和毒力因子（VFs）在盐碱土壤中的传播及其相关环境因素尚不清楚。本研究以中国黄河三角洲四个盐度梯度的土壤样本为研究对象，通过其理化性质进行特征描述，并采用高通量宏基因组测序技术来鉴定微生物携带的 ARGs 和 VFs。土壤盐度的增加显著降低了微生物中 Solirubrobacterales、Propionibacteriales 和 Micrococcales 的相对丰度和群体感应。与非盐碱土壤相比，中高盐碱土壤中 ARGs 和 VFs 的数量明显减少，但 Bacitracin 的 ARGs 和铁摄取系统、黏附、应激蛋白的 VFs 在盐碱土壤中显著增加。Spearman 分析表明，氟喹诺酮类、四环素类、氨基糖苷类、β-内酰胺类和替加环素的 ARGs 与土壤 pH 值呈正相关。同样，我们观察到属于 Solirubrobacterales 和 Gemmatimonadales 的分类群对 ARGs 和 VFs 的贡献增加。对照区主要是通过施用动物粪便来改良盐碱地，在本研究中，对照区往往含有大量的 ARGs 和 VFs。需要进一步的研究来观察盐碱地中多年来的 ARGs 和 VFs，并推测不同的 ARGs 和 VFs 对土壤生态系统和人类健康可能造成的潜在风险。
