Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Immunopathology Unit, National Center for Microbiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain.
Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.
Front Immunol. 2022 Jul 1;13:926499. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.926499. eCollection 2022.
This article reviews the main discoveries achieved by transcriptomic approaches on HIV controller (HIC) and long-term non-progressor (LTNP) individuals, who are able to suppress HIV replication and maintain high CD4+ T cell levels, respectively, in the absence of antiretroviral therapy. Different studies using high throughput techniques have elucidated multifactorial causes implied in natural control of HIV infection. Genes related to IFN response, calcium metabolism, ribosome biogenesis, among others, are commonly differentially expressed in LTNP/HIC individuals. Additionally, pathways related with activation, survival, proliferation, apoptosis and inflammation, can be deregulated in these individuals. Likewise, recent transcriptomic studies include high-throughput sequencing in specific immune cell subpopulations, finding additional gene expression patterns associated to viral control and/or non-progression in immune cell subsets. Herein, we provide an overview of the main differentially expressed genes and biological routes commonly observed on immune cells involved in HIV infection from HIC and LTNP individuals, analyzing also different technical aspects that could affect the data analysis and the future perspectives and gaps to be addressed in this field.
本文综述了转录组学方法在 HIV 控制器 (HIC) 和长期非进展者 (LTNP) 个体中取得的主要发现。这些个体在未接受抗逆转录病毒治疗的情况下，能够分别抑制 HIV 复制并维持高水平的 CD4+T 细胞。使用高通量技术的不同研究阐明了自然控制 HIV 感染的多因素原因。与 IFN 反应、钙代谢、核糖体生物发生等相关的基因在 LTNP/HIC 个体中通常存在差异表达。此外，这些个体中与激活、存活、增殖、凋亡和炎症相关的途径可能失调。同样，最近的转录组学研究包括对特定免疫细胞亚群进行高通量测序，发现与免疫细胞亚群中病毒控制和/或非进展相关的其他基因表达模式。在此，我们提供了 HIV 感染中涉及的免疫细胞中常见的差异表达基因和生物途径的概述，同时还分析了可能影响数据分析以及该领域未来展望和待解决问题的不同技术方面。
