Efficient Conversion of Glucose to Methyl Lactate with Sn-USY: Retro-aldol Activity Promotion by Controlled Ion Exchange.

Sn-USY materials have been prepared through an optimized post-synthetic catalytic metalation procedure. These zeolites displayed, upon ion exchange with alkaline metals, an outstanding activity in the direct transformation of glucose into methyl lactate, yielding more than 70% of the starting glucose as the target product, and an overall combined retro-aldol condensation product yield above 95% in a short reaction time (<4 h). This outstanding catalytic performance is ascribed to the neutralization of Brønsted acid sites, the consequent depression of side reactions, and a higher population of tin open sites in the ion-exchanged Sn-USY zeolites. Reusability tests evidenced some loss of catalytic activity, partially caused by the closing of tin sites, although the use of small amounts of water in the reaction media demonstrated that this deactivation mechanism can be, at least, partially alleviated.