Immune infiltration and clinical significance analyses of the coagulation-related genes in hepatocellular carcinoma.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common types of cancers and a global health challenge with a low early diagnosis rate and high mortality. The coagulation cascade plays an important role in the tumor immune microenvironment (TME) of HCC. In this study, based on the coagulation pathways collected from the KEGG database, two coagulation-related subtypes were distinguished in HCC patients. We demonstrated the distinct differences in immune characteristics and prognostic stratification between two coagulation-related subtypes. A coagulation-related risk score prognostic model was developed in the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cohort for risk stratification and prognosis prediction. The predictive values of the coagulation-related risk score in prognosis and immunotherapy were also verified in the TCGA and International Cancer Genome Consortium cohorts. A nomogram was also established to facilitate the clinical use of this risk score and verified its effectiveness using different approaches. Based on these results, we can conclude that there is an obvious correlation between the coagulation and the TME in HCC, and the risk score could serve as a robust prognostic biomarker, provide therapeutic benefits for chemotherapy and immunotherapy and may be helpful for clinical decision making in HCC patients.