Community health workers' experiences of supervision in maternal and child health programmes in low- and middle-income countries: A qualitative evidence synthesis.

Maternal and child health programmes often use Community Health Workers (CHWs) to help address poor access to health care, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). Supervision has long been recognised as a critical ingredient of successful CHW programmes, yet it is often reported as either of poor quality or absent. There is little research on CHWs' own perception of supervision and to the best of our knowledge, there are no reviews synthesising the evidence of CHWs' experiences of supervision. This review identified and synthesised qualitative research evidence about the experiences and perceptions of supervision by CHWs in programmes targeting maternal and child health (MCH) in LMIC. Electronic searches were performed in the following databases: EMBASE, Medline, PsycINFO, ASSIA, ERIC and CINAHL. This review included studies during the period from 2000 to 2021. In total, 10,505 titles were screened for inclusion, of which 177 full-text articles were retrieved and assessed. Ultimately, 19 articles were included in this review. Data extraction was based on the thematic synthesis approach: coding the text of included studies line-by-line; developing descriptive themes; and generating analytical themes. Four themes emerged: (1) frequency of supervision, (2) type of supervision, (3) supervision and motivation and (4) supportive supervision. Careful consideration needs to be taken of the model of supervision used, as primary care facility-based supervisors (usually nurses), although skilled, may not have sufficient time to supervise. Employing supervisors whose sole responsibility is to supervise CHWs may be a good strategy to alleviate these issues. Sufficient time and resources need to be allocated to supervisors and they should be expected to perform regular in-the-field supervision. Involving some aspects of community oversight should also be considered. Supervisor skills and training and the long-term retention of trained supervisors also need to be an important area of focus.