Clinica Medica, Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Tronto 10/A, 60126 Torrette di Ancona, Italy; Postgraduate School of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Tronto 10/A, 60126 Ancona, Italy.
PostGraduate School of Internal Medicine, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Tronto 10/A, 60126 Ancona, Italy.
Autoimmun Rev. 2022 Sep;21(9):103142. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2022.103142. Epub 2022 Jul 16.
Alarmins are endogenous, constitutively expressed, chemotacting and immune activating proteins or peptides released because of non-programmed cell death (i.e. infections, trauma, etc). They are considered endogenous damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), able to induce a sterile inflammation. In the last years, several studies highlighted a possible role of different alarmins in the pathogenesis of various autoimmune and immune-mediated diseases. We reviewed the relevant literature about this topic, for about 160 articles. Particularly, we focused on systemic autoimmune diseases (systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, idiopathic inflammatory myopathies, ANCA-associated vasculitides, Behçet's disease) and cutaneous organ-specific autoimmune diseases (vitiligo, psoriasis, alopecia, pemphigo). Finally, we discussed about future perspectives and potential therapeutic implications of alarmins in autoimmune diseases. In fact, identification of receptors and downstream signal transducers of alarmins may lead to the identification of antagonistic inhibitors and agonists, with the capacity to modulate alarmins-related pathways and potential therapeutic applicability.
警报素是内源性、组成性表达、趋化和免疫激活的蛋白质或肽，由于非程序性细胞死亡（即感染、创伤等）而释放。它们被认为是内源性损伤相关分子模式（DAMPs），能够诱导无菌性炎症。近年来，多项研究表明，不同的警报素可能在多种自身免疫和免疫介导性疾病的发病机制中发挥作用。我们查阅了约 160 篇相关文献，对这一主题进行了综述。特别地，我们集中讨论了系统性自身免疫性疾病（系统性红斑狼疮、类风湿关节炎、特发性炎性肌病、抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体相关性血管炎、贝赫切特病）和皮肤器官特异性自身免疫性疾病（白癜风、银屑病、脱发、天疱疮）。最后，我们讨论了警报素在自身免疫性疾病中的未来前景和潜在治疗意义。事实上，识别警报素的受体和下游信号转导器可能会导致识别拮抗抑制剂和激动剂，从而具有调节警报素相关途径和潜在治疗应用的能力。
