Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen, University Medi-cal Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
J Appl Toxicol. 2022 Dec;42(12):1921-1936. doi: 10.1002/jat.4364. Epub 2022 Aug 24.
The biocide tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium sulphate (THPS) and other members of the tetrakis(hydroxymethyl) phosphonium salts (THPX) family are associated with liver toxicity in several mammalian species and teratogenicity in rabbits. Malformations include skeletal changes and abnormalities in eye development and are very similar to those seen with vitamin A deficiency or excess. For this reason, it was hypothesized that teratogenicity of THPS(X) might be attributed to disturbances in retinol availability and/or metabolism as a result of maternal toxicity, for example, either due to insufficient dietary intake by the mothers or due to liver toxicity. Therefore, in the present study, liver toxicity and vitamin A homeostasis were studied in pregnant rabbits that were exposed to 13.8 or 46.0 mg/kg THPS during organogenesis and in precision-cut liver slices of rats and rabbits exposed to 0-70 μM THPS. Results show that in vivo exposure to THPS leads to a marked reduction of food intake, increased plasma concentrations of γ-glutamytransferase, degenerative changes in the liver and to changes in retinoid content in liver and plasma in the rabbits during organogenesis. In addition, THPS, both in vivo and ex vivo, caused a change in expression of proteins related to vitamin A metabolism and transport. Together, these observations could explain the birth defects observed in earlier teratogenicity studies.
季戊四醇四羟甲基硫酸磷(THPS)和其他四羟甲基鏻盐(THPX)家族成员与几种哺乳动物的肝毒性和兔的致畸性有关。畸形包括骨骼变化和眼部发育异常,与维生素 A 缺乏或过量引起的畸形非常相似。因此,有人假设 THPS(X)的致畸性可能归因于母体毒性引起的视黄醇可用性和/或代谢紊乱,例如,由于母亲的饮食摄入不足或由于肝毒性。因此,在本研究中,研究了在器官发生期间暴露于 13.8 或 46.0mg/kg THPS 的怀孕兔子以及暴露于 0-70μM THPS 的大鼠和兔子的精密肝切片中的肝毒性和维生素 A 动态平衡。结果表明,体内暴露于 THPS 导致兔子在器官发生期间食物摄入量明显减少,血浆γ-谷氨酰转移酶浓度升高,肝脏发生退行性变化,以及肝脏和血浆中视黄醇含量发生变化。此外,THPS 无论是体内还是体外,都会导致与维生素 A 代谢和转运相关的蛋白质表达发生变化。这些观察结果可以解释早期致畸性研究中观察到的出生缺陷。