RTI International, Division for Applied Justice Research, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
Center for Behavioral Health and Justice, Wayne State University, School of Social Work, 5447 Woodward Avenue, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
Drug Alcohol Depend. 2022 Sep 1;238:109571. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109571. Epub 2022 Jul 14.
To describe the prevalence of incarceration among survivors of non-fatal overdose addressed through an emergency medical services (EMS) response, and compare incarceration by whether the emergency was for opioid-involved or stimulant-involved overdose.
Administrative records on 192,113 EMS incidents and 70,409 jail booking events occurring between January 1, 2019 and December 31, 2020 in Indianapolis, Indiana were record-linked at the event level. Incarceration taking place within 6-hours of an EMS incident was associated with that incident. Logistic regression was used to calculate adjusted odds ratios (AOR) of incarceration after an overdose.
Among all EMS incidents, 2.6% were followed by incarceration. For overdose EMS incidents, the prevalence of incarceration was 10.0%. Overdose incidents had higher odds than non-overdose incidents of leading to a charge of felony, booked on a warrant, and transferred to another law enforcement agency upon release. Prevalence of incarceration following a stimulant-involved overdose was 21.3%, compared to 9.3% for opioid-involved overdose survivors. Compared to persons from other EMS incidents, overdose survivors had greater odds of incarceration (AOR=3.48, 95% confidence interval (CI)= 3.22, 3.75, p < .001), with opioid-involved overdoses (AOR=3.03, 95% CI=2.76, 3.33, p < .001) and stimulant-involved overdoses (AOR=6.70, 95% CI=5.26, 8.55, p < .001) leading to higher odds of incarceration.
Incarceration in county jail followed one in ten overdose-involved EMS responses. As illicit drug consumption increasingly involves stimulants, the frequency of incarceration following these events is likely to increase. Policy changes and interventions are needed to reduce incarceration after overdose emergencies.
描述通过紧急医疗服务 (EMS) 响应处理的非致命性过量用药幸存者中被监禁的比例，并比较因阿片类药物或兴奋剂过量而引发的紧急情况是否与监禁有关。
印第安纳州印第安纳波利斯市在 2019 年 1 月 1 日至 2020 年 12 月 31 日期间记录了 192113 次 EMS 事件和 70409 次监狱登记事件的行政记录，将这些记录在事件层面进行了关联。在 EMS 事件发生后 6 小时内发生的监禁与该事件有关。使用逻辑回归计算过量用药后监禁的调整优势比 (AOR)。
在所有 EMS 事件中，有 2.6%的事件随后被监禁。在过量用药的 EMS 事件中，监禁的发生率为 10.0%。过量用药事件导致被指控重罪、因逮捕令被登记入狱以及在释放后被转交给另一个执法机构的可能性高于非过量用药事件。涉及兴奋剂的过量用药后监禁的发生率为 21.3%，而涉及阿片类药物的过量用药幸存者为 9.3%。与其他 EMS 事件中的人员相比，过量用药幸存者被监禁的可能性更高（AOR=3.48，95%置信区间 (CI)=3.22, 3.75，p<0.001），涉及阿片类药物的过量用药（AOR=3.03，95% CI=2.76, 3.33，p<0.001）和涉及兴奋剂的过量用药（AOR=6.70，95% CI=5.26, 8.55，p<0.001）导致更高的监禁几率。
在涉及过量用药的 EMS 响应中，有十分之一的事件导致被监禁。随着非法药物消费越来越多地涉及兴奋剂，这些事件后监禁的频率可能会增加。需要政策改变和干预措施来减少过量用药急救后的监禁。
