Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR 8104, 75014, Paris, France.
Mucosal Inflammation and Immunity Group, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France.
Mucosal Immunol. 2022 May;15(5):857-866. doi: 10.1038/s41385-022-00549-0. Epub 2022 Jul 22.
Biological sex, being female or male, broadly influences diverse immune phenotypes, including immune responses to diseases at mucosal surfaces. Sex hormones, sex chromosomes, sexual dimorphism, and gender differences all contribute to how an organism will respond to diseases of the urinary tract, such as bladder infection or cancer. Although the incidence of urinary tract infection is strongly sex biased, rates of infection change over a lifetime in women and men, suggesting that accompanying changes in the levels of sex hormones may play a role in the response to infection. Bladder cancer is also sex biased in that 75% of newly diagnosed patients are men. Bladder cancer development is shaped by contributions from both sex hormones and sex chromosomes, demonstrating that the influence of sex on disease can be complex. With a better understanding of how sex influences disease and immunity, we can envision sex-specific therapies to better treat diseases of the urinary tract and potentially diseases of other mucosal tissues.
生物性别，即男性或女性，广泛影响着不同的免疫表型，包括对黏膜表面疾病的免疫反应。性激素、性染色体、性别二态性和性别差异都影响着机体对尿路感染（如膀胱炎或膀胱癌）等疾病的反应。尽管尿路感染的发病率存在明显的性别差异，但女性和男性一生中感染的发生率会发生变化，这表明伴随性激素水平的变化可能在感染反应中发挥作用。膀胱癌也存在性别偏向，即 75%的新诊断患者为男性。膀胱癌的发展受到性激素和性染色体的共同作用，这表明性别对疾病的影响可能很复杂。通过更好地了解性别如何影响疾病和免疫，我们可以设想针对特定性别的治疗方法，以更好地治疗尿路感染和可能的其他黏膜组织疾病。
