Rouf Saquib, Malik Abrar, Raina Ankush, Irfan Ul Haq Mir, Naveed Nida, Zolfagharian Ali, Bodaghi Mahdi
School of Mechanical Engineering, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, J&K, India.
Faculty of Technology, University of Sunderland, UK.
J Orthop. 2022 Jul 3;33:70-80. doi: 10.1016/j.jor.2022.06.013. eCollection 2022 Sep-Oct.
Additive Manufacturing due to its benefits in developing parts with complex geometries and shapes, has evolved as an alternate manufacturing process to develop implants with desired properties. The structure of human bones being anisotropic in nature is biologically functionally graded i,e. The structure possesses different properties in different directions. Therefore, various orthopedic implants such as knee, hip and other bone plates, if functionally graded can perform better. In this context, the development of functionally graded (FG) parts for orthopedic application with tailored anisotropic properties has become easier through the use of additive manufacturing (AM).
and Rationale: The current paper aims to study the various aspects of additively manufactured FG parts for orthopedic applications. It presents the details of various orthopedic implants such as knee, hip and other bone plates in a structured manner. A systematic literature review is conducted to study the various material and functional aspects of functionally graded parts for orthopedic applications. A section is also dedicated to discuss the mechanical properties of functionally graded parts.
The literature revealed that additive manufacturing can provide lot of opportunities for development of functionally graded orthopedic implants with improved properties and durability. Further, the effect of various FG parameters on the mechanical behavior of these implants needs to be studied in detail. Also, with the advent of various AM technologies, the functional grading can be achieved by various means e.g. density, porosity, microstructure, composition, etc. By varying the AM parameters. However, the current limitations of cost and material biocompatibility prevent the widespread exploitation of AM technologies for various orthopedic applications.
增材制造因其在制造具有复杂几何形状和外形的零件方面的优势，已发展成为一种用于制造具有所需性能的植入物的替代制造工艺。人体骨骼的结构本质上是各向异性的，在生物学上具有功能梯度，即该结构在不同方向上具有不同的性能。因此，各种骨科植入物，如膝关节、髋关节及其他骨板，如果具有功能梯度，性能会更佳。在此背景下，通过使用增材制造（AM），开发具有定制各向异性性能的用于骨科应用的功能梯度（FG）零件变得更加容易。
本文旨在研究用于骨科应用的增材制造FG零件的各个方面。它以结构化的方式介绍了各种骨科植入物，如膝关节、髋关节及其他骨板的详细信息。进行了系统的文献综述，以研究用于骨科应用的功能梯度零件的各种材料和功能方面。还专门设有一个章节讨论功能梯度零件的力学性能。
文献表明，增材制造可为开发具有改进性能和耐久性的功能梯度骨科植入物提供诸多机会。此外，需要详细研究各种FG参数对这些植入物力学行为的影响。而且，随着各种增材制造技术的出现，可通过多种方式实现功能梯度，例如通过改变增材制造参数来实现密度、孔隙率、微观结构、成分等方面的梯度。然而，目前成本和材料生物相容性方面的限制阻碍了增材制造技术在各种骨科应用中的广泛应用。
