Department of Psychology, University of Warwick.
Warwick Business School, University of Warwick.
Psychol Sci. 2022 Sep;33(9):1395-1407. doi: 10.1177/09567976221089599. Epub 2022 Jul 25.
One of the most robust effects in cognitive psychology is , in which judgments show a bias toward previously viewed values. However, in what is essentially the same task as used in anchoring research, a perceptual illusion demonstrates the opposite effect of . Here, we united these two literatures, testing in two experiments with adults (total = 200) whether prior comparative decisions bias cognitive and perceptual judgments in opposing directions or whether anchoring and repulsion are two domain-general biases whose co-occurrence has so far gone undetected. We found that in both perceptual and cognitive tasks, anchoring and repulsion co-occur. Further, the direction of the bias depends on the comparison value: Distant values attract judgments, whereas nearby values repulse judgments. Because none of the leading theories for either effect account for both biases, theoretical integration is needed. As a starting point, we describe one such joint theory based on sampling models of cognition.
认知心理学中最稳健的效应之一是锚定效应，即判断会偏向先前看到的值。然而，在与锚定研究中使用的基本相同的任务中，一种感知错觉却表现出相反的排斥效应。在这里，我们将这两个文献结合起来，在两项实验中对成年人（共 200 人）进行测试，以确定先前的比较决策是否会以相反的方向影响认知和感知判断，或者锚定和排斥是否是两种普遍存在的偏差，而它们的同时出现迄今尚未被发现。我们发现，在感知和认知任务中，锚定和排斥都会同时出现。此外，偏差的方向取决于比较值：远距离的值吸引判断，而近距离的值则排斥判断。由于这两种效应的主导理论都无法解释这两种偏差，因此需要进行理论整合。作为起点，我们基于认知的抽样模型描述了这样一种联合理论。
