Wang Zhi-Lin, Zhang Shu-Yi, Hao Shuang-Li, Yang Wan-Xi
The Sperm Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
Histol Histopathol. 2023 Jan;38(1):9-28. doi: 10.14670/HH-18-500. Epub 2022 Jul 26.
There are two kinds of toxins in sea anemones: neurotoxins and pore forming toxins. As a representative of the sodium channel toxin, the neurotoxin ATX II in neurotoxin mainly affects the process of action potential and the release of transmitter to affect the inactivation of the sodium channel. As the representatives of potassium channel toxins, BgK and ShK mainly affect the potassium channel current. EqTx and Sticholysins are representative of pore forming toxins, which can form specific ion channels in cell membranes and change the concentration of internal and external ions, eventually causing hemolytic effects. Based on the above mechanism, toxins such as ATX II can also cause toxic effects in tissues and organs such as heart, lung and muscle. As an applied aspect it was shown that sea anemone toxins often have strong toxic effects on tumor cells, induce cancer cells to enter the pathway of apoptosis, and can also bind to monoclonal antibodies or directly inhibit relevant channels for the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
神经毒素和孔形成毒素。作为钠通道毒素的代表，神经毒素中的神经毒素ATX II主要影响动作电位的过程和递质的释放，从而影响钠通道的失活。作为钾通道毒素的代表，BgK和ShK主要影响钾通道电流。EqTx和刺参毒素是孔形成毒素的代表，它们可以在细胞膜上形成特定的离子通道，改变内外离子浓度，最终导致溶血效应。基于上述机制，ATX II等毒素也可在心脏、肺和肌肉等组织器官中产生毒性作用。在应用方面，研究表明海葵毒素对肿瘤细胞往往具有强烈的毒性作用，可诱导癌细胞进入凋亡途径，还可与单克隆抗体结合或直接抑制相关通道用于治疗自身免疫性疾病。
