Developmental Coordination Disorder: State of the Art and Future Directions from a Neurophysiological Perspective.

Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) is a common neurodevelopmental condition characterized by disabling motor impairments being visible from the first years of life. Over recent decades, research in this field has gained important results, showing alterations in several processes involved in the regulation of motor behavior (e.g., planning and monitoring of actions, motor learning, action imitation). However, these studies mostly pursued a behavioral approach, leaving relevant questions open concerning the neural correlates of this condition. In this narrative review, we first survey the literature on motor control and sensorimotor impairments in DCD. Then, we illustrate the contributions to the field that may be achieved using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the motor cortex. While still rarely employed in DCD research, this approach offers several opportunities, ranging from the clarification of low-level cortical electrophysiology to the assessment of the motor commands transmitted throughout the corticospinal system. We propose that TMS may help to investigate the neural correlates of motor impairments reported in behavioral studies, thus guiding DCD research toward a brain-oriented acknowledgment of this condition. This effort would help translational research to provide novel diagnostic and therapeutic tools.