Faculty of Medicine, Rīga Stradiņš University, 16 Dzirciema Street, LV-1007 Rīga, Latvia.
Centre for Disease Prevention and Control of Latvia, 22 Duntes Street, LV-1005 Rīga, Latvia.
Medicina (Kaunas). 2022 Jul 19;58(7):955. doi: 10.3390/medicina58070955.
Background and Objectives: During pregnancy, iron deficiency anaemia is a common problem associated with health risks for both the mother and her foetus/infant. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of iron deficiency, iron deficiency anaemia, and related dietary patterns in pregnant women in Latvia. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional, multicentre study included pregnancy data from 974 women. The sample selection was based on the stratification principle (population of women of childbearing age in regions of Latvia). Maternal demographic details, anthropometric measurements, iron status, dietary patterns, and supplementation information were obtained from maternal files and during interviews held in eight outpatient departments of medical institutions and maternity departments. The prevalence was assessed. Chi-square tests and logistic regression were used to identify associations between iron deficiency and sociodemographic characteristics, dietary patterns, and iron supplement intake during pregnancy. The criterion used for the diagnosis of iron deficiency anaemia is a Hb level <110 g/L in the 1st and 3rd trimesters and <105 g/L during the 2nd trimester as recommended by the WHO. However, the UK guideline was used for borderline iron deficiency, which is an SF level <30 μg/L in all trimesters. Results: The observed prevalence of anaemia was 2.8% in the first trimester, 7.9% in the second trimester, and 27.0% in the third trimester. The prevalence of iron deficiency was 46.7% in the first trimester, 78.1% in the second trimester, and 91.7% in the third trimester. No associations with dietary patterns were found. Single women had 1.85 times the odds (95% CI 1.07 to 3.18) of being anaemic than married women. Conclusions: Iron deficiency affects a large proportion of pregnant women in Latvia in all trimesters, with iron deficiency anaemia affecting pregnant women in the third trimester. Monitoring and intervention should be performed in a timely and more targeted manner.
在怀孕期间，缺铁性贫血是一种常见的问题，会对母亲及其胎儿/婴儿的健康造成风险。本研究旨在调查拉脱维亚孕妇缺铁、缺铁性贫血的患病率以及相关的饮食模式。
这是一项横断面、多中心研究，纳入了 974 名孕妇的数据。样本选择基于分层原则（拉脱维亚各地区育龄妇女人口）。从产妇档案和在 8 个医疗机构的门诊部门和妇产科进行的访谈中获取产妇人口统计学细节、人体测量学测量值、铁状况、饮食模式和补充信息。评估了患病率。采用卡方检验和逻辑回归来识别缺铁与社会人口特征、饮食模式和怀孕期间铁补充摄入之间的关联。缺铁性贫血的诊断标准是按照世界卫生组织的建议，在第 1 、 3 孕期的 Hb 水平<110 g/L，在第 2 孕期的 Hb 水平<105 g/L。然而，英国的指南用于边缘性缺铁，即所有孕期的 SF 水平<30 μg/L。
第 1 孕期观察到的贫血患病率为 2.8%，第 2 孕期为 7.9%，第 3 孕期为 27.0%。第 1 孕期缺铁的患病率为 46.7%，第 2 孕期为 78.1%，第 3 孕期为 91.7%。未发现与饮食模式有关。单身女性比已婚女性发生贫血的几率高 1.85 倍（95% CI 1.07 至 3.18）。
在拉脱维亚，所有孕期的孕妇中缺铁的比例都很大，第 3 孕期孕妇缺铁性贫血的比例很高。应及时更有针对性地进行监测和干预。
