Radiation safety and protection of neonates in radiological examinations.

Radiation reduction methods in neonatal radiographic examinations are discussed. Studies performed on radiation exposures to the neonates, scattered radiation level, exposure to the nursery personnel, effectiveness of the various shielding methods, uniformity of the x-ray field, heel effect, and skin exposure estimation are described. In summary, recommendations for exposure reduction based on our experimental findings as well as on the ALARA concept of radiation safety are provided.