Phenolic Profile and Fingerprint Analysis of Leaves Extract with Endothelial Protective Activity.

In contrast to the stem and fruit of , leaves as a source rich in phenolic compounds with potentially beneficial pharmacological activities have been largely overlooked. To develop and use leaves as a resource, we evaluated its potential as a cardiovascular-protective agent. Herein, we investigated the effects and potential mechanisms of leaves extract on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory responses in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. We found that leaves extract pretreatment of 10 μg/mL significantly attenuated LPS-induced protein expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1. Furthermore, this extract also suppressed LPS-induced phosphorylation of nuclear factor-κB p65. In order to elucidate the chemical profiles of the samples, the HPLC fingerprint was established, and prominent peaks were identified via HPLC-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. Multivariate statistical analyses, including hierarchical cluster analysis, principal component analysis, and partial least-squares discriminant analysis, were performed to evaluate the clustering of the samples. It was found that isochlorogenic acid C was a key marker for the classification of leaves from the Gongju and Muju city in Korea. Collectively, this study not only suggested the potential of leaves as a novel therapeutic candidate for inflammatory cardiovascular disease but also developed a quality control method for leaves, which could help to expand the application of .