Department of Experimental Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, 6/8 Mazowiecka St., 92-215 Lodz, Poland.
Nutrients. 2022 Jul 11;14(14):2842. doi: 10.3390/nu14142842.
Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is an antioxidant enzyme attached to HDL with an anti-atherogenic potential. It protects LDL and HDL from lipid peroxidation. The enzyme is sensitive to various modulating factors, such as genetic polymorphisms as well as pharmacological, dietary (including carotenoids), and lifestyle interventions. Carotenoids are nutritional pigments with antioxidant activity. The aim of this review was to gather evidence on their effect on the modulation of PON1 activity and gene expression. Carotenoids administered as naturally occurring nutritional mixtures may present a synergistic beneficial effect on PON1 status. The effect of carotenoids on the enzyme depends on age, ethnicity, gender, diet, and PON1 genetic variation. Carotenoids, especially astaxanthin, β-carotene, and lycopene, increase PON1 activity. This effect may be explained by their ability to quench singlet oxygen and scavenge free radicals. β-carotene and lycopene were additionally shown to upregulate PON1 gene expression. The putative mechanisms of such regulation involve PON1 CpG-rich region methylation, Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKKII) pathway induction, and upregulation via steroid regulatory element-binding protein-2 (SREBP-2). More detailed and extensive research on the mechanisms of PON1 modulation by carotenoids may lead to the development of new targeted therapies for cardiovascular diseases.
对氧磷酶 1（PON1）是一种附着于高密度脂蛋白（HDL）的抗氧化酶，具有抗动脉粥样硬化的潜力。它可以保护 LDL 和 HDL 免受脂质过氧化。该酶对各种调节因子敏感，如遗传多态性以及药理学、饮食（包括类胡萝卜素）和生活方式干预。类胡萝卜素是具有抗氧化活性的营养色素。本综述的目的是收集有关它们对 PON1 活性和基因表达调节作用的证据。作为天然存在的营养混合物给予的类胡萝卜素可能对 PON1 状态具有协同的有益作用。类胡萝卜素对该酶的作用取决于年龄、种族、性别、饮食和 PON1 遗传变异。类胡萝卜素，特别是虾青素、β-胡萝卜素和番茄红素，可增加 PON1 活性。这种作用可能是由于它们能够淬灭单线态氧和清除自由基。β-胡萝卜素和番茄红素还被证明可以上调 PON1 基因表达。这种调节的假定机制涉及 PON1 CpG 丰富区甲基化、钙（Ca 2+）/钙调蛋白依赖性激酶 II（CaMKKII）途径诱导以及通过固醇调节元件结合蛋白-2（SREBP-2）上调。对类胡萝卜素调节 PON1 作用的机制进行更详细和广泛的研究，可能会为心血管疾病的靶向治疗方法的发展提供新的途径。
