Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA.
K. L. Maddy Equine Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA.
Am J Vet Res. 2022 Jun 21;83(8):ajvr.22.01.0012. doi: 10.2460/ajvr.22.01.0012.
To determine the pharmacokinetics of butorphanol tartrate incorporated into poloxamer 407 (P407) after subcutaneous administration to orange-winged Amazon parrots (Amazona amazonica).
Six orange-winged Amazon parrots, ages 28 to 45 years.
A sterile formulation of butorphanol in P407 (But-P407) as a 25% gel was created to produce a concentration of 8.3 mg/mL. The formulation was administered SC at a dose of 12.5 mg/kg to all birds. Blood samples were collected at baseline prior to injection (time 0) and then at 0.08, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 4, 8, and 12 hours after drug administration. Butorphanol concentrations were quantitated via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using noncompartmental analysis and a commercially available software program.
Plasma concentrations of butorphanol remained > 100 ng/mL for > 4 hours for some birds (3/5) but were < 100 ng/mL for all birds by the 8-hour mark. Cmax and tmax were 346.9 ± 233.7 ng/mL and 1.3 ± 0.274 hours, respectively. Half-life was 1.56 ± 0.445 hours. No adverse effects were detected.
Butorphanol was absorbed from the But-P407 25% by the majority of the orange-winged Amazon parrots in this study (3/5), although to a lesser extent compared to Hispaniolan Amazon parrots. Absorption followed a pharmacokinetic profile compatible with a sustained-release drug. A dose of 12.5 mg/kg, SC, would be expected to provide antinociception for 4 to 8 hours, although pharmacodynamic studies in this species using this formulation have not demonstrated this.
确定酒石酸布托啡诺（Butorphanol tartrate）与泊洛沙姆 407（P407）结合后经皮下给予橙翅亚马逊鹦鹉（Amazona amazonica）的药代动力学。
6 只橙翅亚马逊鹦鹉，年龄 28 至 45 岁。
将无菌的酒石酸布托啡诺 P407（But-P407）凝胶制剂制成浓度为 8.3mg/mL 的 25%凝胶。所有鸟类均以 12.5mg/kg 的剂量 SC 给药。在注射前（时间 0）和给药后 0.08、0.5、1、1.5、4、8 和 12 小时采集血样。通过液相色谱-串联质谱法定量测定布托啡诺浓度。使用非房室分析和商业可得的软件程序进行药代动力学分析。
一些鸟类（3/5）的布托啡诺血浆浓度 > 100ng/mL 持续时间 > 4 小时，但所有鸟类在 8 小时标记时均 < 100ng/mL。Cmax 和 tmax 分别为 346.9±233.7ng/mL 和 1.3±0.274 小时。半衰期为 1.56±0.445 小时。未检测到不良反应。
在本研究中，大多数橙翅亚马逊鹦鹉（3/5）从 But-P407 25%中吸收了布托啡诺，尽管与海地亚马逊鹦鹉相比，吸收程度较小。吸收遵循与缓释药物一致的药代动力学特征。SC 给予 12.5mg/kg 预计将提供 4 至 8 小时的镇痛作用，尽管该制剂在该物种中的药效学研究尚未证明这一点。
