Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
Faculty of Science, Asia‑Pacific International University, Muak Lek, Saraburi 18180, Thailand.
Int J Mol Med. 2022 Sep;50(3). doi: 10.3892/ijmm.2022.5176. Epub 2022 Jul 29.
α‑mangostin is a xanthone predominantly encountered in . Extensive research has been carried out concerning the effects of this compound on various diseases, including obesity, cancer and metabolic disorders. The present review suggests that α‑mangostin exerts promising anti‑obesity, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, cardioprotective, antioxidant and anti‑inflammatory effects on various pathways in cardiometabolic diseases. The anti‑obesity effects of α‑mangostin include the reduction of body weight and adipose tissue size, the increase in fatty acid oxidation, the activation of hepatic AMP‑activated protein kinase and Sirtuin‑1, and the reduction of peroxisome proliferator‑activated receptor γ expression. Hepatoprotective effects have been revealed, due to reduced fibrosis through transforming growth factor‑β 1 pathways, reduced apoptosis and steatosis through reduced sterol regulatory‑element binding proteins expression. The antidiabetic effects include decreased fasting blood glucose levels, improved insulin sensitivity and the increased expression of GLUT transporters in various tissues. Cardioprotection is exhibited through the restoration of cardiac functions and structure, improved mitochondrial functions, the promotion of M2 macrophage populations, reduced endothelial and cardiomyocyte apoptosis and fibrosis, and reduced acid sphingomyelinase activity and ceramide depositions. The antioxidant effects of α‑mangostin are mainly related to the modulation of antioxidant enzymes, the reduction of oxidative stress markers, the reduction of oxidative damage through a reduction in Sirtuin 3 expression mediated by phosphoinositide 3‑kinase/protein kinase B/peroxisome proliferator‑activated receptor‑γ coactivator‑1α signaling pathways, and to the increase in Nuclear factor‑erythroid factor 2‑related factor 2 and heme oxygenase‑1 expression levels. The anti‑inflammatory effects of α‑mangostin include its modulation of nuclear factor‑κB related pathways, the suppression of mitogen‑activated protein kinase activation, increased macrophage polarization to M2, reduced inflammasome occurrence, increased Sirtuin 1 and 3 expression, the reduced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, the production of nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2, the reduced expression of Toll‑like receptors and reduced proinflammatory cytokine levels. These effects demonstrate that α‑mangostin may possess the properties required for a suitable candidate compound for the management of cardiometabolic diseases.
倒捻子素是一种主要存在于 的桔酮。大量研究已经针对这种化合物对各种疾病的影响进行了研究，包括肥胖症、癌症和代谢紊乱。本综述表明，倒捻子素通过多种途径对代谢性心血管疾病发挥有希望的抗肥胖、保肝、抗糖尿病、心脏保护、抗氧化和抗炎作用。倒捻子素的抗肥胖作用包括降低体重和脂肪组织大小、增加脂肪酸氧化、激活肝 AMP 激活蛋白激酶和 Sirtuin-1 以及降低过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体 γ 的表达。保肝作用是通过减少转化生长因子-β1 途径的纤维化、减少固醇调节元件结合蛋白表达的减少凋亡和脂肪变性来实现的。抗糖尿病作用包括降低空腹血糖水平、改善胰岛素敏感性以及增加各种组织中 GLUT 转运体的表达。心脏保护作用通过恢复心脏功能和结构、改善线粒体功能、促进 M2 巨噬细胞群的产生、减少内皮细胞和心肌细胞凋亡和纤维化、减少酸性鞘氨醇酶活性和神经酰胺沉积来实现。倒捻子素的抗氧化作用主要与调节抗氧化酶、降低氧化应激标志物、通过减少 Sirtuin 3 表达来降低氧化损伤有关，Sirtuin 3 表达受磷脂酰肌醇 3-激酶/蛋白激酶 B/过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体-γ 共激活物-1α 信号通路的调节，以及核因子-红细胞生成素 2-相关因子 2 和血红素加氧酶-1 表达水平的增加。倒捻子素的抗炎作用包括其对核因子-κB 相关途径的调节、抑制丝裂原激活蛋白激酶的激活、增加巨噬细胞向 M2 的极化、减少炎症小体的发生、增加 Sirtuin 1 和 3 的表达、降低诱导型一氧化氮合酶的表达、一氧化氮和前列腺素 E2 的产生、降低 Toll 样受体的表达和降低促炎细胞因子的水平。这些作用表明，倒捻子素可能具有作为管理代谢性心血管疾病的合适候选化合物所需的特性。
