Co-Innovation center for sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Longpan Road 159, Nanjing 210037, China; National Positioning Observation Station of Hung-tse Lake Wetland Ecosystem in Jiangsu Province, Hongze, Jiangsu 223100, China.
Co-Innovation center for sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Longpan Road 159, Nanjing 210037, China; National Positioning Observation Station of Hung-tse Lake Wetland Ecosystem in Jiangsu Province, Hongze, Jiangsu 223100, China.
J Hazard Mater. 2022 Oct 5;439:129628. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129628. Epub 2022 Jul 19.
The extensive use of macrolide antibiotics (MCLs) has led to their frequent detection in aquatic environments, affecting water quality and ecological health. In this study, the sources, global distribution, environmental fate, ecotoxicity and global risk assessment of MCLs were analyzed based on recently published literature. The results revealed that there are eight main sources of MCLs in the water environment. These pollution sources resulted in MCL detection at average or median concentrations of up to 3847 ng/L, and the most polluted water bodies were the receiving waters of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and densely inhabited areas. Considering the environmental fate, adsorption, indirect photodegradation, and bioremoval may be the main attenuation mechanisms in natural water environments. N-demethylation, O-demethylation, sugar and side chain loss from MCL molecules were the main pathways of MCLs photodegradation. Demethylation, phosphorylation, N-oxidation, lactone ring hydrolysis, and sugar loss were the main biodegradation pathways. The median effective concentration values of MCLs for microalgae, crustaceans, fish, and invertebrates were 0.21, 39.30, 106.42, and 28.00 mg/L, respectively. MCLs induced the generation of reactive oxygen species, that caused oxidative stress to biomolecules, and affected gene expression related to photosynthesis, energy metabolism, DNA replication, and repair. Moreover, over 50% of the reported water bodies represented a medium to high risk to microalgae. Further studies on the development of tertiary treatment technologies for antibiotic removal in WWTPs, the combined ecotoxicity of antibiotic mixtures at environmental concentration levels, and the development of accurate ecological risk assessment models should be encouraged.
大环内酯类抗生素（MCLs）的广泛使用导致其频繁出现在水生环境中，影响水质和生态健康。本研究基于已发表的文献，分析了 MCLs 的来源、全球分布、环境归宿、生态毒性及其全球风险评估。结果表明，水环境中有 8 种主要的 MCLs 污染源。这些污染源导致 MCLs 的检出浓度达到平均或中位数水平高达 3847ng/L，受污染最严重的水体是污水处理厂（WWTP）和人口密集区的受纳水体。考虑到环境归宿，吸附、间接光降解和生物去除可能是天然水生态系统中的主要衰减机制。MCL 分子的 N-去甲基化、O-去甲基化、糖和侧链损失是 MCL 光降解的主要途径。去甲基化、磷酸化、N-氧化、内酯环水解和糖损失是主要的生物降解途径。MCLs 对微藻、甲壳类动物、鱼类和无脊椎动物的中效浓度值分别为 0.21、39.30、106.42 和 28.00mg/L。MCLs 会诱导活性氧的产生，导致生物分子发生氧化应激，并影响与光合作用、能量代谢、DNA 复制和修复相关的基因表达。此外，超过 50%的报告水体对微藻具有中到高风险。应鼓励进一步研究 WWTP 中抗生素去除的三级处理技术的开发、环境浓度水平下抗生素混合物的联合生态毒性以及准确的生态风险评估模型的开发。
