School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China.
Department of Civil, Environmental & Geomatic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
Sci Total Environ. 2022 Nov 20;848:157680. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157680. Epub 2022 Jul 27.
Concerns have been raised about the risks that pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in aquatic environments posed to humans and the environment. In recent years, sand filtration has been used to potentially remove these emerging contaminants from water. However, there has been no review of the effectiveness of this technology to date. This paper presents a brief introduction of sand filtration types, reviews the current progress in PPCPs removal through sand filtration, and discusses the mechanisms behind this process and the combination of granular activated carbon (GAC) and sand as an enhanced sand-GAC filtration technology. Sand filtration achieves a reasonable but highly variable degree of PPCPs removal. Biodegradation and adsorption are the two main mechanisms of PPCPs removal, in particular the biodegradation since adsorption capacity of sand is relatively low. Other processes, such as bio-sorption and indirect adsorption, may also contribute to PPCPs removal. To compensate for the inadequate PPCPs removal through sand filtration, porous GAC has been combined with sand to develop sand-GAC filtration technologies. Serial, dual, and sandwich filters have been investigated, and significant removal enhancement has been observed, due to the strengthened adsorption capacity, suggesting the applicability of these variants. Future research focus, such as investigating the influence of different operational conditions on sand filter performance, obtaining a deeper understanding of the various removal mechanisms, and investigating of long-term performance of the filter used for PPCPs removal, are suggested.
人们对药品和个人护理产品（PPCPs）在水生环境中对人类和环境造成的风险表示担忧。近年来，砂滤已被用于潜在地去除水中的这些新兴污染物。然而，迄今为止，尚未对该技术的有效性进行审查。本文简要介绍了砂滤的类型，综述了砂滤去除 PPCPs 的最新进展，并讨论了该过程背后的机制以及颗粒活性炭（GAC）和砂的组合作为增强型砂-GAC 过滤技术。砂滤可实现合理但高度可变的 PPCPs 去除程度。生物降解和吸附是去除 PPCPs 的两个主要机制，特别是由于砂的吸附能力相对较低，因此生物降解是主要机制。其他过程，如生物吸附和间接吸附，也可能有助于 PPCPs 的去除。为了弥补砂滤去除 PPCPs 的不足，已将多孔 GAC 与砂结合开发了砂-GAC 过滤技术。已研究了串联、双滤池和夹心滤池，观察到去除效果显著增强，这是由于吸附能力增强所致，表明这些变体的适用性。建议未来的研究重点包括研究不同操作条件对砂滤性能的影响、更深入地了解各种去除机制以及研究用于去除 PPCPs 的过滤器的长期性能。
