Water Resources and Applied Ecology Center, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, Caixa Postal 292, São Carlos, SP CEP 13560-970, Brazil.
Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.
Sci Total Environ. 2017 Mar 1;581-582:174-185. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.091. Epub 2016 Dec 29.
Removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) from drinking water is usually enhanced by advanced oxidation which is not affordable in low income countries. Slow sand filtration has been found to be capable of removing anti-inflammatory compounds, and its low maintenance costs and easy operation make it an attractive technology for treating drinking water in many parts of the world. In addition, slow sand filters can be used at both large and household scales. The biofilm (i.e. schmutzdecke) developed on the top of the sand and within the upper layers of the sand is acknowledged to be responsible for the water purification. However, it is possible that the PPCPs may affect the schmutzdecke development and microbial community within the filters, and consequently the performance of the filter. This study investigated two household slow sand filters (for water purification) operated intermittently with and without contamination by six PPCPs. Eleven parameters were monitored in the affluent and effluent water, including bacterial species present and schmutzdecke biomass development. Results demonstrated that the household slow sand filter performance was not affected by the 2μgL of PPCPs in the water. There was no significant difference between filters for total coliforms and E. coli removal, but there was considerable difference between sampling times. Biomass considerably increased with the number of filtrations in both filters and there was no significant difference between filter biomass. However, it was found that more bacterial species were present in the period with no contamination than during the contamination period. Bacillus anthracis and Exiguobacterium sp. showed to be resistant to the effects of the PPCPs. These suggest there are effects of PPCPs on bacterial species within the filter. However, the effect of the PPCPs on biomass was not conclusive in this study and needs to be further investigated.
从饮用水中去除药品和个人护理产品（PPCPs）通常通过高级氧化来增强，但这种方法在低收入国家不可行。慢砂过滤已被发现能够去除抗炎化合物，其低维护成本和易于操作使其成为世界许多地区处理饮用水的有吸引力的技术。此外，慢砂滤器可以在大型和家庭规模上使用。人们承认，在砂层顶部和砂层上层中形成的生物膜（即污垢层）负责水的净化。然而，PPCPs 可能会影响过滤器中的生物膜发展和微生物群落，并因此影响过滤器的性能。本研究调查了两个家庭用慢砂滤器（用于水净化），在间歇运行且受到六种 PPCPs 污染的情况下进行了操作。在进水和出水水中监测了十一个参数，包括存在的细菌种类和污垢层生物量的发展。结果表明，家庭用慢砂滤器的性能不受水中 2μgL PPCPs 的影响。总大肠菌群和大肠杆菌去除方面，过滤器之间没有显著差异，但采样时间之间存在很大差异。在两个过滤器中，随着过滤次数的增加，生物量都有了相当大的增加，过滤器之间的生物量没有显著差异。然而，发现无污染期的细菌种类比污染期多。炭疽杆菌和极端嗜盐古菌表现出对 PPCPs 影响的抵抗力。这表明 PPCPs 对过滤器内的细菌种类有影响。然而，在这项研究中，PPCPs 对生物量的影响还没有定论，需要进一步研究。
