Skaug Eirunn, Czajkowski Nikolai O, Waaktaar Trine, Torgersen Svenn
Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
PROMENTA Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
Borderline Personal Disord Emot Dysregul. 2022 Aug 1;9(1):19. doi: 10.1186/s40479-022-00190-0.
Borderline personality disorder (BPD) implies having problems with identity and relations with other people. However, not much is known about whether these indications of BPD are present in adolescence, i.e., before personality disorders usually are diagnosed. In this study, we examined the prediction of an aspect of identity (i.e., sense of coherence [SOC]) and social relations (i.e., perceived loneliness) throughout adolescence on BPD traits in young adulthood. In addition, we examined to what degree the predictive ability could be attributed to genetic and environmental factors. We also examined whether life events in adolescence were related to BPD traits.
Three thousand three hundred ninety-one twins, consisting of seven national birth cohorts from Norway, participated in the study. SOC, loneliness and life events were measured three times throughout adolescence with self-report questionnaires, with 2 years in between measurements. BPD traits were measured at the end of adolescence around the age of 19 with a structured interview. Regression analyses were performed to examine the prediction of SOC, loneliness and life events on BPD traits. Cholesky decomposition models were then used to determine to what degree the associations were due to genetic and environmental influences.
The prediction of SOC and loneliness on BPD traits increased from R = .25 (when measured 6 years prior to the assessment of BPD traits) to R = .45 (when measured shortly before the assessment of BPD traits). In addition, negative life events considered dependent on a person's behavior were related to BPD traits. Negative independent and positive dependent life events did not contribute to the prediction of BPD traits. Cholesky decomposition models showed that SOC and loneliness were associated with BPD traits mainly due to shared genetic influences (i.e., the proportion due to genetic influences ranged from 71 to 86%). Adding negative dependent life events to the prediction of BPD traits did not change these percentages.
These findings indicate that the weaker SOC, the stronger feelings of loneliness, and the negative life events associated with BPD traits are mainly consequences of the genetic aspects of BPD traits, rather than having direct effects on levels of BPD symptoms.
边缘型人格障碍（BPD）意味着在身份认同和人际关系方面存在问题。然而，对于这些BPD迹象是否在青少年期（即通常在人格障碍被诊断之前）就已存在，我们了解得并不多。在本研究中，我们考察了青少年期身份认同的一个方面（即连贯感[SOC]）和社会关系（即感知到的孤独感）对青年期BPD特质的预测作用。此外，我们还考察了预测能力在多大程度上可归因于遗传和环境因素。我们还研究了青少年期的生活事件是否与BPD特质相关。
来自挪威七个全国出生队列的3391对双胞胎参与了该研究。在青少年期，通过自我报告问卷对SOC、孤独感和生活事件进行了三次测量，每次测量间隔2年。在青少年期末期，大约19岁时，通过结构化访谈对BPD特质进行测量。进行回归分析以考察SOC、孤独感和生活事件对BPD特质的预测作用。然后使用Cholesky分解模型来确定这些关联在多大程度上是由遗传和环境影响所致。
SOC和孤独感对BPD特质的预测作用从R = 0.25（在BPD特质评估前6年测量时）增加到R = 0.45（在BPD特质评估前不久测量时）。此外，被认为依赖于个人行为的负面生活事件与BPD特质相关。负面独立生活事件和正面依赖生活事件对BPD特质的预测没有贡献。Cholesky分解模型表明，SOC和孤独感与BPD特质相关主要是由于共同的遗传影响（即遗传影响所占比例从71%到86%不等）。将负面依赖生活事件添加到BPD特质的预测中并没有改变这些百分比。
这些发现表明，较弱的SOC、较强的孤独感以及与BPD特质相关的负面生活事件主要是BPD特质遗传方面的结果，而非对BPD症状水平有直接影响。
