Department of Epidemiology, National Institute for Health, Migration and Poverty (INMP), Rome, Italy.
Directorate for Social Statistics and Welfare, Italian National Institute of Statistics (Istat), Rome, Italy.
Front Public Health. 2022 Jul 13;10:919335. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.919335. eCollection 2022.
Italy has one of the lowest homicide rates in Europe. However, while it is decreasing overall, the proportion of murdered women is increasing. This study aimed to analyze the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics associated with homicide mortality in Italy, focusing specifically on male and female differences.
Using a longitudinal design, the Italian 2011 General Census population was followed up to 2018. Deaths from homicide were retrieved by a record linkage with the Causes of Death Register. Age-standardized mortality rates, stratified by sex, citizenship, education, and geographic area of residence were calculated. The association between sociodemographic characteristics and homicide mortality was evaluated using quasi-Poisson regression models.
Between 2012 and 2018, 1,940 homicides were recorded in Italy: 53% were females over age 55, 10% were immigrant females, 34% were males aged 40-54 years, 76% had a medium-low education level, and 57% lived in the South and Islands. Foreign citizenship increased a female's risk of dying from homicide (adjusted rate ratio (RRadj): 1.85; 95% CI: 1.54-2.23), while no differences between Italian and immigrant males were found. An inverse association between education and mortality was observed for both sexes, stronger for males (RRadj: 3.68; 95% CI: 3.10-4.36, low vs. high) than for females (RRadj: 1.38; 95%CI: 1.17-1.62, low vs. high). Moreover, a male residing in the South or the Islands had almost 2.5 times the risk of dying from homicide than a resident in the North-West. Finally, old age (over 75) increased a female's risk of being murdered, whereas the highest risk for males was observed for those aged 25-54 years.
Male and female differences in homicide mortality profiles by age were expected, but the results by residence, citizenship, and education highlight that living in disadvantaged socioeconomic contexts increases the risk of dying from homicide, suggesting the need to implement specific prevention and intervention strategies.
意大利是欧洲凶杀率最低的国家之一。然而，尽管总体凶杀率呈下降趋势，女性被谋杀的比例却在上升。本研究旨在分析意大利与凶杀死亡率相关的人口统计学和社会经济学特征，特别关注男性和女性之间的差异。
使用纵向设计，对意大利 2011 年总人口普查进行了随访，直至 2018 年。通过与死因登记处的记录链接，获取凶杀死亡数据。按性别、国籍、教育程度和居住地的地理区域对年龄标准化死亡率进行分层计算。使用拟泊松回归模型评估社会人口统计学特征与凶杀死亡率之间的关联。
在 2012 年至 2018 年期间，意大利共记录了 1940 起凶杀案：53%的受害者为 55 岁以上的女性，10%的受害者为移民女性，34%的受害者为 40-54 岁的男性，76%的受害者受教育程度为中低等，57%的受害者居住在南部和岛屿地区。外国国籍增加了女性死于凶杀的风险（调整后的比率比（RRadj）：1.85；95%置信区间：1.54-2.23），而意大利男性和移民男性之间没有差异。教育程度与死亡率呈反比关系，男性更为明显（RRadj：3.68；95%置信区间：3.10-4.36，低等 vs. 高等），而女性则不明显（RRadj：1.38；95%置信区间：1.17-1.62，低等 vs. 高等）。此外，居住在南部或岛屿地区的男性死于凶杀的风险几乎是居住在西北的男性的 2.5 倍。最后，老年（75 岁以上）增加了女性被谋杀的风险，而男性的最高风险则出现在 25-54 岁之间。
按年龄划分，男性和女性凶杀死亡率的差异在预期之中，但按居住地、国籍和教育程度划分的结果突显了生活在社会经济不利环境中会增加死于凶杀的风险，这表明需要实施具体的预防和干预策略。
