The underlying mechanism of PM2.5-induced ischemic stroke.

Under the background of global industrialization, PM has become the fourth-leading risk factor for ischemic stroke worldwide, according to the 2019 GBD estimates. This highlights the hazards of PM for ischemic stroke, but unfortunately, PM has not received the attention that matches its harmfulness. This article is the first to systematically describe the molecular biological mechanism of PM-induced ischemic stroke, and also propose potential therapeutic and intervention strategies. We highlight the effect of PM on traditional cerebrovascular risk factors (hypertension, hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, atrial fibrillation), which were easily overlooked in previous studies. Additionally, the effects of PM on platelet parameters, megakaryocytes activation, platelet methylation, and PM-induced oxidative stress, local RAS activation, and miRNA alterations in endothelial cells have also been described. Finally, PM-induced ischemic brain pathological injury and microglia-dominated neuroinflammation are discussed. Our ultimate goal is to raise the public awareness of the harm of PM to ischemic stroke, and to provide a certain level of health guidance for stroke-susceptible populations, as well as point out some interesting ideas and directions for future clinical and basic research.