Characterization of Beta-Lactam Resistance Genes and Virulence Factors Associated with Multidrug-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolated from Patients at Major Hospitals in Trinidad, West Indies.

Accurate species identification and antibiotic resistance profiling are essential for the effective management of infections caused by bacterial pathogens. In this study, 373 clinical isolates of K. pneumoniae from major hospitals in Trinidad, West Indies, were characterized for resistance against beta-lactam antibiotics and the presence of genes encoding important virulence factors. Most of the isolates showed extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) activity but few also displayed carbapenemase or 'ESBL + carbapenemase' activities. Polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed the presence of genes for ESBL subtypes bla, bla, and bla that were dominant in isolates with the ESBL phenotype as well as those that did not show ESBL or carbapenemase activities. The carbapenem resistance gene, bla, and the metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) gene, bla, were also detected in some of the isolates. Multiple virulence genes were also detected, but the fimH-uge was the most common combination found among the local isolates. The findings of this study represent the first comprehensive study on the prevalence of ESBL, KPC and MBL genes and virulence profiling in antibiotic-resistant K. pneumoniae in Trinidad. Furthermore, the occurrence of multiple resistant phenotypes and gene combinations were revealed, though at low prevalence rates. This work emphasizes the need to implement molecular-based techniques in diagnostic workflows for rapid and accurate species identification and profiling of resistance and virulence genes in K. pneumoniae in Trinidad and Tobago.