Department of Botany, Prof. Ramkrishna More College, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Akurdi, Pune 411016, Maharashtra, India; Department of Biotechnology, Modern College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411016, Maharashtra, India.
Department of Biotechnology, Modern College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411016, Maharashtra, India.
Microbiol Res. 2022 Oct;263:127135. doi: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127135. Epub 2022 Jul 16.
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) with the ability to thwart clinical therapies and escalate mortality rates is emerging as one of the most pressing global health and environmental concerns. Urban rivers as an important subsystem of the environment offer galore of ecological services which benefit the city dwellers. However, with increased urbanization, industrialization, and heavy discharge of anthropogenic waste harboring antibiotics, heavy metals, pesticides, antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB), urban rivers are becoming major reservoirs of ARGs and a hotspot for accelerated selection of ARB. These ARGs in urban rivers have the potential of being transferred to clinically important pathogens. In addition, urban rivers also act as important vectors for AMR spread. This is mainly due to the direct exposure of humans and animals to the heavily contaminated river water and high mobility of organisms (aquatic animals, pathogenic, non-pathogenic bacteria) as well as the genetic elements including ARGs and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) in the river. However, in spite of recent advocacy for comprehensive research programs aimed to investigate the occurrence, extent and major drivers of AMR in urban rivers globally, such studies are missing largely. This review encompasses the issues of AMR, major drivers and their vital roles in the evolution and spread of ARB with an emphasis on sources and hotspots of diverse ARGs in urban rivers contributing to co-occurrence of ARGs and MGEs. Further, the causal factors leading to adverse effects of antibiotic-load to river organisms with an elaboration on the current measures to eradicate the ARB, ARGs, and remove antibiotics from the urban river ecosystems are also discussed. A perspective review of current and emerging strategies with potentials of combating AMR in urban river ecosystems including advanced water treatment methodologies and floating islands or constructed wetlands.
抗生素耐药性（AMR）能够破坏临床治疗效果并提高死亡率，现已成为全球最紧迫的健康和环境问题之一。城市河流作为环境的一个重要子系统，提供了丰富的生态服务，使城市居民受益。然而，随着城市化、工业化的加剧以及含有抗生素、重金属、农药、抗生素抗性基因（ARGs）、抗生素抗性细菌（ARB）的人为废物的大量排放，城市河流正成为 ARGs 的主要储存库，并成为加速选择 ARB 的热点。这些城市河流中的 ARGs 有可能转移到临床上重要的病原体中。此外，城市河流也是 AMR 传播的重要载体。这主要是由于人类和动物直接暴露于受严重污染的河水以及生物（水生动物、致病性、非致病性细菌）和包括 ARGs 和移动遗传元件（MGEs）在内的遗传元件的高度流动性。然而，尽管最近倡导开展全面的研究计划，以调查全球城市河流中 AMR 的发生、程度和主要驱动因素，但此类研究在很大程度上仍未开展。本综述涵盖了 AMR 的问题、主要驱动因素及其在 ARB 进化和传播中的重要作用，重点介绍了城市河流中多种 ARGs 的来源和热点，这些热点促成了 ARGs 和 MGEs 的共存。此外，还讨论了导致抗生素负荷对河流生物产生不利影响的因果因素，以及阐述了从城市河流生态系统中消除 ARB、ARGs 和抗生素的当前措施。本文还对当前和新兴的策略进行了透视性综述，这些策略具有在城市河流生态系统中对抗 AMR 的潜力，包括先进的水处理方法和浮岛或人工湿地。
