Translating evidence into practice: still a way to go.

Chiu and colleagues report a retrospective analysis describing the 5-yr trend in both intraoperative fluid and vasopressor administration in 32 250 patients undergoing elective abdominal surgery within the Multicenter Perioperative Outcomes Group (MPOG) database from 2015 to 2019, and exploring the association between these two factors and acute kidney injury. Modelling predicted the lowest risk for acute kidney injury when the administered crystalloid volume was 15-20 ml kg h, and an 80% increase in risk for acute kidney injury as intraoperative vasopressor use increased from 0 to 0.04 μg kg min of norepinephrine equivalents. Although these results are consistent with those of a large, randomised trial (REstrictive Versus LIbEral Fluid Therapy in Major Abdominal Surgery [RELIEF]) published in 2018, the mean intraoperative volume of crystalloid administered in the current study declined monotonically through every year included, from 6.4 ml kg h in 2015 to 5.5 ml kg h in 2019. These new findings support the broad generalisability of the RELIEF trial; highlight the complexity of the relationship between intravenous crystalloid volume infused, arterial pressure, and acute kidney injury; and demonstrate the ongoing challenge of translating high-quality evidence into clinical practice.