State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
Addiction. 2023 Jan;118(1):128-139. doi: 10.1111/add.16019. Epub 2022 Aug 24.
Disproportionately high rates of smoking have been found in low-income communities, but the causal direction and role of education in this relationship remains less well understood. Here, we used bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) to measure the causal relationships between smoking, income and education.
Two-sample univariable and multivariable MR analyses were conducted to evaluate the total and direct effect of income and education on tobacco smoking. The effects of smoking on education and income were explored with reverse MR analysis.
European ancestry.
The most recent large-scale genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary data on educational attainment, household income and smoking (n = 143 210-766 345).
Genetic variants for exposures including income, education and smoking.
Both income and education had protective effects against smoking, especially for smoking initiation (education: β = -0.447, 95% CI = -0.508 to -0.387, P < 0.001; income: β = -0.290, 95% CI = -0.43 to -0.149, P < 0.001) and cessation (education: β = -0.364, 95% CI = -0.429 to -0.298, P < 0.001; income: β = -0.323, 95% CI = -0.448 to -0.197, P < 0.001). Here, higher scores in cessation indicated a lower likelihood of quitting according to the coding scheme. There was little evidence that income influenced smoking once education was controlled for, whereas education could significantly affect smoking behaviours independently of income (P = 3.40 × 10 -0.0272). The reverse MR results suggested that smoking may result in a loss of years of schooling (β = -0.190, 95% CI = -0.297 to -0.083, P < 0.001) and reduced earnings (β = -0.204, 95% CI = -0.347 to -0.060, P = 0.006).
Education appears to play an important role in the relationship between income and smoking. There is a bidirectional association of smoking with socioeconomic status.
在低收入社区发现吸烟率高得不成比例，但教育在这种关系中的因果方向和作用仍不太清楚。在这里，我们使用双向孟德尔随机化（MR）来衡量吸烟、收入和教育之间的因果关系。
进行了两样本单变量和多变量 MR 分析，以评估收入和教育对烟草吸烟的总效应和直接效应。使用反向 MR 分析探讨了吸烟对教育和收入的影响。
欧洲血统。
关于教育程度、家庭收入和吸烟的最新大规模全基因组关联研究（GWAS）汇总数据（n=143210-766345）。
包括收入、教育和吸烟在内的暴露的遗传变异。
收入和教育都对吸烟有保护作用，尤其是对吸烟开始（教育：β=-0.447，95%置信区间（CI）=-0.508 至-0.387，P<0.001；收入：β=-0.290，95%CI=-0.43 至-0.149，P<0.001）和戒烟（教育：β=-0.364，95%CI=-0.429 至-0.298，P<0.001；收入：β=-0.323，95%CI=-0.448 至-0.197，P<0.001）。在这里，根据编码方案，较高的戒烟分数表示戒烟的可能性较低。几乎没有证据表明，一旦控制了教育，收入会影响吸烟，而教育可以独立于收入显著影响吸烟行为（P=3.40×10 -0.0272）。反向 MR 结果表明，吸烟可能导致受教育年限减少（β=-0.190，95%CI=-0.297 至-0.083，P<0.001）和收入减少（β=-0.204，95%CI=-0.347 至-0.060，P=0.006）。
教育似乎在收入和吸烟之间的关系中起着重要作用。吸烟与社会经济地位之间存在双向关联。
