Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Department of Paediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, LMU University Hospitals, LMU - Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Lindwurmstr. 4, 80337, Munich, Germany.
Paediatrics Research Unit, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, IISPV, Reus, Spain.
Eur J Nutr. 2023 Feb;62(1):165-174. doi: 10.1007/s00394-022-02944-6. Epub 2022 Aug 5.
We aimed to characterize the distribution of energy and macronutrient intakes across eating occasions (EO) in European children from preschool to school age.
Data from 3-day weighed food records were collected from children at ages 3, 4, 5, 6 and 8 years from Belgium, Germany, Italy, Poland and Spain. Food intakes were assigned to EO based on country-specific daytimes for breakfast, lunch, supper and snacks (morning, afternoon). The average energy and nutrient intakes were expressed as percentage of total energy intake (%E). Nutrients were additionally expressed as percentage per EO (%E). Foods were assigned to food groups; variation in intake was calculated via coefficient of variation (CV). We analyzed age trends in diurnal intake using mixed-effects beta regression.
The 740 healthy children included in the analysis consumed the largest proportion of daily energy at lunch (31%E ± 8, M ± SD) and supper (26%E ± 8), followed by breakfast (19%E ± 7) and snacks [afternoon (16%E ± 8); morning (8%E ± 7)], with the most variable intake at morning snack (CV = 0.9). The nutrient composition at lunch and supper was highest for fat (36 ± 9%E; 39 ± 11%E) and protein (18 ± 5%E; 18 ± 6%E) and at breakfast and snacks for carbohydrates (54 ± 12%E; 62 ± 12%E). High-sugar content foods were consumed in relatively large proportions at breakfast and snacks. Food intakes varied significantly with age, with lower snack intakes at later ages (p < 0.001).
Possibly unhealthy EOs with high-fat intakes and high-sugar-content foods were observed. Changes in nutrient composition of EOs may be beneficial for health.
ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00338689; 19/June/2006.
本研究旨在描述欧洲学龄前至学龄儿童在各进食时段（EO）的能量和宏量营养素摄入分布情况。
从比利时、德国、意大利、波兰和西班牙收集了 3 至 8 岁儿童为期 3 天的称重食物记录数据。根据各国早餐、午餐、晚餐和零食（上午、下午）的具体时间，将食物摄入量分配到 EO。平均能量和营养素摄入量以总能量摄入量的百分比（%E）表示。营养素还按 EO 百分比（%E）表示。食物被分配到食物组；通过变异系数（CV）计算摄入量的变化。我们使用混合效应β回归分析了日间摄入的年龄趋势。
纳入分析的 740 名健康儿童中，每天摄入的最大比例能量来自午餐（31%E±8，M±SD）和晚餐（26%E±8），其次是早餐（19%E±7）和零食[下午（16%E±8）；上午（8%E±7）]，其中上午零食的摄入量变化最大（CV=0.9）。午餐和晚餐的脂肪（36±9%E；39±11%E）和蛋白质（18±5%E；18±6%E）含量最高，早餐和零食的碳水化合物（54±12%E；62±12%E）含量最高。高糖含量的食物在早餐和零食中摄入比例相对较高。食物摄入量随年龄显著变化，年龄较大时零食摄入量较低（p<0.001）。
观察到一些不健康的 EO，其具有高脂肪摄入和高糖含量食物。EO 中营养素组成的变化可能对健康有益。
ClinicalTrials.gov：NCT00338689；19/06/2006。
