Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Statistique, Equipe de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle, Inserm (U1153), Inra (U1125), Cnam, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, F-93017, Bobigny, France.
Université Libre de Bruxelles, Ecole de Santé publique, Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie, Biostatistique et Recherche Clinique, Route de Lennik 808 - CP 598, 1070, Brussels, Belgium.
Nutr J. 2018 Feb 27;17(1):33. doi: 10.1186/s12937-018-0336-z.
Snacking raises concern since it may lead to an additional energy intake and poor nutrient quality. A snacking occasion can be defined as any eating occasion apart from main meals, regardless of the amount or type of foods consumed. We described the frequency of snacking occasions according to daily timing in French adults, and compared them between each other, and with the main meals, in terms of energy intake, energy and nutrient density, and food content.
This cross-sectional analysis included 104,265 adults from the NutriNet-Santé cohort. Food intake was estimated using 24-h records of weekdays. For each eating occasion, nutrient density and energy content and density were computed.
After weighting, 47.6% of our sample were men and mean age was 45.6 (15.3). Overall, 68% of participants ate at least one snack during the reported record, mainly in the morning or afternoon. Overall snack had a lower nutrient density [22.8 (SD = 278.3)] than main meals [25.8 (36.9) to 30.0 (30.4)]; but higher energy density [222.2 (163.3) kcal/100 g] than meals [133.9 (57.3) to 175.9 (99.6) kcal/100 g]. Morning snack was the snacking occasion with the lowest energy density [211 kcal/100 g], the lowest energy intake [104.1 kcal] and the highest nutrient density [60.1]. Afternoon and evening snacks had the highest energy loads [192.4 kcal and 207.6 kcal], but low nutrient scores [16 and 13, respectively]. The main food groups contributing to energy intake from snacks were fatty-sweet and sugary foods, fruit, hot beverages, and bread.
Our findings highlight the frequency of snacking and the varying nutritional quality of snacks over the day. The morning snack was shown to be healthier than afternoon and evening snacks.
This study was conducted according to guidelines laid down in the Declaration of Helsinki, and all procedures were approved by the Institutional Review Board of the French Institute for Health and Medical Research (IRB Inserm No. 0000388FWA00005831) and the French Data Protection Authority (Commission Nationale Informatique et Libertés No. 908450 and No. 909216). Electronic informed consent was obtained from all participants (Clinical Trial no. NCT03335644 ).
零食摄入引起了人们的关注，因为它可能会导致额外的能量摄入和较差的营养质量。零食是指除正餐以外的任何进食时间，无论所摄入的食物量或类型如何。我们根据法国成年人的日常时间来描述零食的频率，并在能量摄入、能量和营养密度以及食物含量方面对其与正餐进行了比较。
本横断面分析纳入了 NutriNet-Santé 队列中的 104265 名成年人。通过工作日 24 小时记录来估计食物摄入量。对于每个进食时间，计算了营养密度和能量含量及密度。
经过加权处理，我们样本中 47.6%为男性，平均年龄为 45.6（15.3）岁。总体而言，68%的参与者在报告的记录中至少吃了一份零食，主要是在早上或下午。总体而言，零食的营养密度[22.8（SD=278.3）]低于正餐[25.8（36.9）至 30.0（30.4）]；但能量密度[222.2（163.3）千卡/100 克]高于正餐[133.9（57.3）至 175.9（99.6）千卡/100 克]。早餐零食的能量密度最低[211 千卡/100 克]，能量摄入最低[104.1 千卡]，营养密度最高[60.1]。下午和晚上零食的能量负荷最高[分别为 192.4 千卡和 207.6 千卡]，但营养评分较低[分别为 16 和 13]。提供零食能量摄入的主要食物组是脂肪-甜食和含糖食物、水果、热饮料和面包。
我们的研究结果强调了零食的频率和一天中零食的营养质量变化。与下午和晚上的零食相比，早餐零食更健康。
本研究根据《赫尔辛基宣言》的指导方针进行，所有程序均获得法国健康与医学研究所机构审查委员会（IRB Inserm 号 0000388FWA00005831）和法国数据保护局（Commission Nationale Informatique et Libertés 号 908450 和 909216）的批准。所有参与者均通过电子方式签署了知情同意书（临床试验编号 NCT03335644）。
